Researchers have been experimenting and hypothesizing about episodic memory for years, during this time many different approaches have been used. Episodic memory is the recollection of past experiences, which allow us to recall unique past events in detail. It has been argued that episodic memory is grounded in a temporal framework, meaning that we can remember when an event occurred. Modeling the temporal aspects of episodic memory in non-human animals has been challenging and controversial. (Crystal, 2010). Episodic and Sematic...
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We often think of ants as a nuisance and a pest in our gardens and home but few take the time to observe or get to know more about ants. A well-known SouthAfrican Poet and philosopher Eugene Marais said 'Go to the Ants you Lazy person, observe his ways and become wise' (roughly translated) He spent a lot of time observing the ants and noted everything he found carefully down and eventually wrote a book called 'The soul of the...
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Humpback dolphins, members of the genus Sousa spp., are most common medium-sized delphinids was found along the coastal water of the eastern Atlantic, western Pacific and Indian Oceans. According to Jefferson and Rosenbaum, the genus Sousa comprises of 04 species. According to Cuvier, the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbeawas treated as Indo-Pacific Humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis. However, genetic analysis, skeletal and external morphology, and colour have revealed these animals occurring in the Indian Ocean are recognized as taxonomically distinct...
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Bourke’s parrots are endangered in their own homelands to the southwest and in the center of Australia, but popular in poultry farming. They are available in the US and relatively cheap. They have recently removed from the genus Neophema and was classified in a separate genus. Some discussions about this change are still ongoing. Origin and history According to The Spruce Pets, the Bourke’s Parakeet is a nomadic species native to Australia. This is the only place on earth that...
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The Cretaceous- Paleogene boundary is evidence shown in the rock layers of a mass extinction that occurred approximately 65 million years ago. From the evidence left behind of this event, leave scientists debating theories on how this sudden and significant event in Earth’s history took place, and why it led to the extinction of so many species. From the 5 massive extinctions identified in Earth’s history, the extinction of the dinosaurs of dinosaurs was by far the deadly. The most...
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Introduction Blue Whales feature article First of all, blue whales are humungous in fact they are the biggest animals to ever live at 100 feet long, these majestic animals rule the ocean and control life in the ocean. At 200 tons, these rare animals can have their tongue weigh as much as an African elephant and their heart as much as a four-wheeler. There is much we don’t know about this animal such as, where they breed. We are piecing...
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Abstract Butterflies are part of the class of Insecta in the order Lepidoptera, along with the moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts. Parbhani is the 4th largest city of Marathwada region, which is located at 19.27°N & 76.78°E and about 347 metres above MSL. Shri Shivaji College, Parbhani is located near about in the heart of the city. College campus is...
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A forest is a unit of multilayered vegetation that is dominated by trees. Around 4.03 billion hectares, which equates to approximately 30% of earths land area is covered by forests. Forests hold great importance as they provide a wide range of ecosystem services such as conserving flora and fauna, preventing soil erosion and regulating climate. Birds have been associated with forests since they first came into existence. Birds are highly interactive members in the forest ecosystem and share a mutualistic...
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Introduction Chinook salmon, the king species, larger than all other salmon species is falling off the throne. Over the last century, there has been a dramatic decrease in the size of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). This trend is not specific Chinook salmon though, this trend is being seen throughout varieties of salmon species. Specifically, Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus) species have demonstrated this decline in body size. In a 1980s study, it was shown three species of Pacific Salmon have decreased dramatically...
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Emperor Penguins have to survive in some of the harshest weather conditions in the world (as low as -40°Cand 200 km/h winds). They have a set of features that help them adapt to this. These penguins have large reserves of sub-dermal body fat to insulate them. They have many layers of stiff short scale-like-feathers which are very hard to ruffle. To reduce heat loss, the feathers are held erect by muscles while the penguin is on land which traps a...
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Bad news for ice-reliant species, as global climate change decreases seasonal sea ice coverage in the Arctic. It is reported that over the last 30 years in the Chukchi Sea, which is located just north of the Bearing Strait between Russia and Alaska, there has been a shift to earlier spring melts and later fall freezes of Arctic sea ice. With this increase of open water days in the North by 5-6 weeks, it is all good news for some...
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One species that is heavily impacted by climate change is the honey bee (Le Conte and Navajas 2008). Honey bees are impacted by climate change as the effects cause alterations to their current habitats and leaves them struggling to adapt to new environments. It is important to address these issues and try to find a solution as they are an important economic resource in agricultural fields, not only in Canada, but across the world (Potts et al. 2010). Climate change...
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Abstract Ants have been proposed as a sustainable alternative to pesticides in conventional agriculture, as they supposedly possess some intrinsic defense mechanisms against infections, that might be utilized in protecting farmed plants against pests and pathogens. Previous studies on ant-associated plants have shown an increase in herbivore damage and pathogen infection following exclusion of some naturally occurring ants. However, the actual mechanisms of protection against pathogens remain unknown, and thus the utility of adding ants to plants not usually associated...
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Competition is one of the fundamental dynamics of community ecology and has been defined ‘the hallmark of ant ecology’ by Hölldobler and Wilson (1990). Effects of competition can influence the ant community structure in different ways: determining which species will have access to the different resources, defining which species can coexist in the same community, and possibly establishing dominance hierarchies. The competition for resources can occur through two main mechanisms: interference and exploitation competition (Parr and Gibb 2010). In some...
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Is Denmark Fit For Wolves’ Establishment? The conflict rises, it has been smoldering since the first one in centuries was spotted the Western Jutland(4). The rage that splits the whatsoever peaceful country is growing bigger for every single snapshot of the animal that is being posted online. The wolf has crossed our boarders and is roaming in our forests. As long as I can remember, I have been very fascinated by wolves and I thought it was amazing when I...
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Elephant back Safari in Sigiriya Imagine clambering up that massive beast of the wilds! Something that you never dreamed possible to do. Once atop, you will get that euphoric feeling of being on top of the world or on top of these majestic animals of the forest. Ride these beasts of majesty through the forest, feel like an ancient Maharaja or King as you slowly plod and sway to the rhythm of the elephant’s gait. Now this can be a...
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Since the discovery of ancient dinosaur fossils, scientists have gone through extensive research to reveal the conditions of their lives on Earth and how many of them truly resided on our planet all those years ago. Yet despite all of our research, there is yet one baffling question we continue to ask today- which is, what exactly caused these daunting creatures to become extinct? Many theories were produced, supported by data collected from discovered fossils, including our own environment, which...
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Abstract Red panda, Ailurus fulgens is unique animal of carnivora family that just has a single species and probably falls under monotypic family. Although they are found from Mugu to Ilam district inside eight different protected areas and one community forest of Nepal, the total population is not known. Their preferred habitat is the bamboo-dominated vegetation of evergreen deciduous forest within an average altitudinal range of 2,400m to 3,600m with abundant fallen logs and tree stumps. The red panda diet...
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Introduction In the past wolves once roamed the UK and played a vital part in keeping the wild deer populations under control through hunting. However,in the 17th-18th they were hunted to extinction and because of this it has allowed the wild deer populations to skyrocket. With no natural predators the wild deer has thrived and have gotten to the point where they are venturing onto roads and into public areas where they cause road accidents, destroy crops and become hazards...
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The island of Madagascar is located on the east coast of Africa, which is home to a variety of lemurs. Most of us are probably not aware of how we damage their habitat and environment. The primary focus of this research is on the prolemur simus also known as the great bamboo lemur. This lemur has been classified as endangered by the IUCN and on the list as an explanation as to why they are critically endangered, you will see...
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From the 1700’s through the 1800’s, Whaling in New England was very popular. The thrill of the catch brought about a high risk, high reward business. The Whaling industry sought the production of three different raw materials, whale oil, spermaceti oil, and whalebone. Whale oil was extracted by heating whale blubber in water, known as “trying out.” One example of the daily use of Whale oil was that it was a primary lubricant for machinery during the Industrial Revolution. Spermaceti...
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Lemurs are an example of a type of non-human primate. They are relatively small in size, and many of them have a snout. All of them have a hairless, wet nose with curved nostrils. This unique nose makes them special and great sniffers. They have 5 digits on their hind and front limbs. The tail of lemurs is not prehensile and, depending on the species, varies in its length. Also depending on the species, lemurs have soft fur that ranges...
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Today we are going to be talking about a new species of tiger that was just discovered. It is called the Noxia Aqua Tigris, which translates to toxic water tiger in Latin. The Noxia Aqua Tigris, or Mertiger for short, came from the species the Siberian Tiger. For a quick backstory, the Siberian Tiger was from a small southeast region of Russia. They lived mainly in the eastern forests, and in 2019 there was about 400-500 of them left in...
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Over the years, earth has gone through several changes. Before humans roamed the earth, there were dinosaurs. They lived here over 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs lived and moved through land, air, and water. Many Dinosaurs lived during different eras of earth’s time. They once lived and hunted where we now stand. We are constantly finding fossils of known species and entirely new ones. Misconception about them are still being disproven. We are constantly learning new things about them. This...
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Geographical Range and Habitat Red pandas live mostly in Asia in the Eastern Himalayas like: China, Bhutan, Burma and Nepal. Red pandas live in the forest, where there's water, fallen logs, and bamboo. The reason why they need the bamboo is because they mostly make their house out of bamboo, and tree branches. In india red pandas like to live in tropical forests. Conservation Status Red pandas are endangered, less than 10,000 are left.You might be asking why? Well...there are...
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Dinosaurs ruled the land, the ocean, and the sky for about 165 million years. Rex Tyrannosaurus hunts its prey with 50 to 60 banana-sized teeth. The 55-foot dragon from nose to tail frightened the ocean and ate everything they could catch. But 66 million years ago, the world's climate changed dramatically. Suddenly, the earth became colder and darker. All dinosaurs-except for the ancestors of modern birds-and three-quarters of the creatures on Earth are extinct. To this day, scientists are still...
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Students at Normandy University (Normandie Université) in Rouen, France were curious to test whether the concept of ‘sensory substitution’ exists within rats. ‘Sensory substitution’ is when an agent temporarily stops a specific sensory system from functioning properly, only to have a different sensory system to make up for the sensory system that was lost by using the other sensory system to function in its place. These students set out an experiment that would test whether the auditory system can be...
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Imagine getting kidnapped from your home, away from your family, put into captivity and used for entertainment. Being solely dependent on humans for survival, and mistreated for use of entertainment. That is how killer whales have been treated at SeaWorld and it is inhumane, but as long as it makes good money for the industry it’s ok right? Sea World has been one of the most visited theme parks, what attracts people the most is the majestic sea creature, the...
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The gray wolf or Canis Lupus most likely originated in Asia. About 200,000 years ago when the Pleistocene land bridge connected they most likely crossed into North America today. All dogs we own as pets today have been domesticated from the wolf but when and where it occurred is the controversy. Geneticist estimate that dogs and wolves may have parted about 40,000 years ago and that about 20,000 years ago the dogs migrated through out Europe from Asia. Archeologists have...
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Pollinators provide important ecosystem services that contribute to the growth of floral biodiversity. The rapid decline of both wild and domesticated pollinators is evident in the decrease of plants that rely on services provided by them. One of the major pollinators is the honey bee (Apis spp) and potential drivers that contribute to the alarming decrease in their population are classified into three categories: pest and pathogens, environmental stressors and lack of genetic diversity and vitality. The interaction between these...
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