Abstract Many different variables influence the relationship between plants and pollinators. Their mutualistic relationship drives a coevolutionary force among species. They rely heavily on each other for survival and reproduction, each exploited the others resources for their own benefit. With plants requiring insects and animals for pollen transfer and reproduction, new adaptations have arisen in response to pressures exerted on...
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Introduction Enumeration is the determination of the number of individual viable microbes in a sample. Enumeration of microorganisms is performed to determine the number of microorganisms in a sample because the agar method of enumerating visible colonies is time consuming and not accurate. It is essential to measure the number of viable microorganisms accurately because it is considered as a...
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Have you ever wondered how a kitten could turn into a full adult cat? If so, you are more than likely familiar with the impression of a life cycle. Cats go through some similar life cycle transition as we do. We watch something that looks like an ordinary baby kitten turn into a magnificent creature that runs free in the...
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Biotechnology is defined as “the exploitation of living systems and biological processes to develop tools for technological use”. It may be applied in areas such as industry, medicine, environmental sciences as well as computer design. The field of biotechnology is very broad because there is such a wealth of biological phenomena which we could harness for human benefit. However, although...
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Viruses are the smallest microorganisms in life and cannot be seen by naked eyes or with light microscopy. They are considered as a contagious agent that is only regenerated within the host cells of other living organizations and can infect all living organisms in the earth, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and the archaea. Viruses can be...
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Everyone knows the importance of exercise, but the people are not much aware of the importance of protein and how it affects the human body in muscle recovery. Actually, muscle is starving for protein after high-intensity exercise. we all know that carbohydrates are a crucial fuel source throughout training, also perform a major role in helping recovery after exercise. However,...
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are the result of modern food biotechnology, a process of genetic engineering. Since the world is mounted by overpopulation and scarcity, science has provided a solution: agricultural biotechnology. Genetically engineered crops are the future of agriculture. According to the World Health Organization, Genetically Modified (GM) foods are from organisms whose genetic material has been altered in...
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Abstract Plant magnetobiology has become an important topic to study and manage biological effects on plants.Studies over the past several years have paved its way asa new advancementfor achieving enhanced growth and development in crop plants including horticultural plants.An emphasis has been made upon the use of this technique with different magnetic field intensity and exposure. The precisemechanism of its...
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Introduction Growing crops hydroponically is an alternative to traditional soil farming methods (7). Hydroponics systems consist of a water-based solution enriching in nutrients, without the use soil (2). Commonly an artificial medium is used to provide support for the plant as soil is not being used (2). Hydroponic systems started in 1920 and have dramatically evolved in a variety of...
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Agriculture and food security under shifting climatic conditions The global population is increasing day by day and is expected to increase further by 2050 (Ringler et al., 2016). This larger population will exert pressure on the prevailing resources. Further, due to urbanization and unbalanced use of fertilizers and pesticides, land for agriculture is decreasing rapidly. Despite technological advancements including mechanization...
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Introduction Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of a heart valve (native or prosthetic) or the mural endocardium, leading to tissue destruction and formation of vegetations. It is primarily a disease of the heart, but by virtue of its haematogenic spread, it is also a multisystem disorder. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiological and microbiological...
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Plant biotechnology has 3 main definitions according to the elements that are involved in the manipulation of the plants. Plant biotechnology has been used more than 6000 years for the improvement of yield or quality or to increase plants’ endurance against environmental risks and diseases. In a traditional old way, seeds are selected which will give rise to desired products....
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Introduction Photosynthesis is very complex process, if analyzed in complete detail. It involves the converting light energy to chemical energy that is used by plants. One of the main aspects of photosynthesis is the flow of electrons. In the process, there is reduction of CO₂, known as carbon dioxide, and the oxidation of H₂0, known as water. This is known...
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INTRODUCTION Access to DNA is required to regulate the gene expression, and this access regulated by many factors such as chromatin remodeling or histone modification. According to Vogel-Ciernia and Wood (2014), chromatin remodeling is a movement of nucleosomes along DNA by the aid of chromosome remodeling complexes (CRCs) that is composed of four large protein families which are BAF (SWI/SNF),...
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If it came from a plant, eat it; If it was made in a plant, don’t. This is a famous quote by Michael Pollan. This means plants are a food source for all living beings. From tip to toe plants provide foods for us. Because each and every part of a plant such as fruit, flower, leaves, stem, bark and...
432
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Abstract Pakistan is an agricultural country and the economy of Pakistan is highly depending on its agriculture productivity. Detection of diseases in plants plays a significant role in the agriculture field of Pakistan. Lack of timely and proper care of plants massively affects the output quality, quantity, and productivity. This paper presents an algorithm for the detection and identification of...
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Abstract Biotechnology of Extremophiles such as Thermus Aquaticus and Deinoccous radiodurans have a plethora of ways to improve human life. This paper reviews the use of said extremophilic enzymes, bacteria and some methodology of the current biotechnology that can take advantage of the extremophiles. Introduction Biotechnology is involved with our everyday lives, ranging from crops production, PCR and more. There’s...
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Nutrient solutions and fertilizers impact plant growth in many ways. According to Teaming with Nutrients by Jeff Lowenfels, plants that experience nutrient deficiencies, are more likely to experience informalities such as wilted or yellowed leaves. In order for a plant to sustain itself, it must have seventeen main elements. Many everyday fertilizers and nutrient solutions provide these elements. The most...
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The effects of changing temperature and pH conditions on the activity of the β-galactosidase enzyme and its affinity for ONPG were studied. A standard curve was developed as a control, and was used to obtain the assays for the 6 different reaction rates studied, corresponding with the 4 temperatures and 4 pH’s. The reaction results were measured for its absorbance,...
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Introduction Apoptosis refers to normal and coordinated death of cells where cells degrade their cytoplasmic contents and DNA. [1] It takes place in multicellular organisms as a programmed response of defense against noxious agents. It can also take place during the regulation of cell populations within the tissues. This analysis will further the definition provided above and explore causes of...
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Introduction Costus speciosus (Koen ) Sm medicinal important plant belong to family Zingiberaceae. All plant parts of Costus speciosus have different uses so demand of this plant increased day by day .So now a days Costus speciosus become endangered species. Tissue culture technique play an important role to conserve the endangered species.Different concentration of various phytohormones auxin,cytokinin,gibberellins directly effect on...
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The qualifications all biotic beings meet are not met by viruses on the grounds that there is a lot that a virus is unable to do. A virion cannot maintain homeostasis, or regulate its internal processes because it does not have the anatomy to do so, simply because a virus is not made up of cells. A virion is, fundamentally,...
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Introduction Stem cells are formatively crude, undifferentiated cells that have the ability to make new duplicates of themselves (self-reestablish) and to practice (separate) into different other cell types, for example, blood, muscle, and nerve cells. Customarily foundational microorganisms have been classified into two primary gatherings: embryonic immature microorganisms and grown-up undifferentiated cells. HESCs (Human embryonic stem cell) are separated from...
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Need of biofuel production In the previous human history the fossil fuels are being used widely in the word by humans for all purposes such as cooking, heating, transportation, construction etc. but with the passage of time different problem arises due to more usage of fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution. When they burnt dangerous air pollutant...
432
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Introduction Aquatic plant ecology is the study of organisms interaction with their environment to develop a better understanding of certain spices. Duckweed (Lemna) is an effective aquatic plant in removing nutrients and it has been proven that Lemna is able to manage the nutrients for wastewater treatment (Bonomo et al., 1997). Light is an important factor in plant existence. plant...
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Enzyme Technology Technology used to preserve various forms of food such as fruit and vegetables can often rely heavily on natural resources such as the utilization of fossil fuels for energy consumption. Enzymes can be used as an alternative method to the pre-established technologies many of which are unsustainable in the food processing industry. Enzyme technology is an efficient method...
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Billions of nerve cells make up the human brain. They are all connected, however in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) these connections are broken. The result is death of nerve cells and tissue damage which can result in a range of symptoms such as confusion, memory loss and difficulty competing daily tasks. There is currently no cure for AD. Gum disease, also...
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Introduction Every day, a significant percentage of the world's human population consumes food products such as bread, yoghurt or cheese and drinks beverages like beer or wine. These products are present on our tables for a long period of time, but only since 1919 word “biotechnology” has been used[1]. The meaning of this word changed over time, but now it...
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The Gram staining technique is one of the most significant staining methods used in microbiology. This method was named after Hans Christian Gram, a bacteriologist, who formulated it in 1882. It was published in 1884. Gram staining is used to identify bacteria and allows us to assort cells based on their different cell wall constituents. Gram staining distinguish between Gram...
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To determine and evaluate the virulence of the bacterial isolates against Cx. quinquefasciatus, the bioassay tests were carried out at 30 ± 1°C; against 100 late third instar larvae kept in 1000 ml sterile distilled water in glass beakers. Mortality was recorded at 24h intervals. 5 ml suspension (containing ≈109 bacteria/ml) of each of the bacterial isolates was mixed with...
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