Many biological students often wonder about the difference between necrosis and apoptosis because the two occurrences share many similarities. Despite the striking semblance, they also have lots of dissimilarities. So, if you are one of those people who struggle to spot those disparities, you have absolutely nothing to worry about because this informative guide gives a detailed breakdown of the...
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Plant extract refers to a product that is formed through an extraction and separation process where plants are used as raw materials. Generally the original components of the plants are not changed. In some cases, excipients are also used to make the powder or granular products have features like good fluidity and resistance to moisture absorption. There are also a...
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Rationale âHumans have stopped evolving and are no longer subject to natural selection.â(OâRourke, 2020) Is an extremely broad claim with no evidence to support it, evolution is âthe process by which new species or populations of living things develop from pre-existing forms through successive generationsâ(Gould, 2020) Whereas ânatural selection is the process of which a selective agent acts on a...
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What modification was done? Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a long history in application of fermented food products. Progress in gene technology allows their modification by introducing new genes or by modifying their metabolic functions. These modifications are important as may lead to improvements in food technology. LAB are widely used as starter cultures for fermentation in the dairy, meat...
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The corona viruses (2019 -ncov) infecting humans appeared in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. Since the identification of the outbreak the infection quickly spread. This illness is a type of decease that transmits between animals and humans. Based on the articles that I read the infections of human to human transmission remains unclear. In contrast, human to...
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ABSTRACT Study on the temperature effect on plant photosynthesis is essential for proper understanding of physiology of plants as well as designing of crops that are able to cope-up with temperatures greater as well as lower than optimum growth temperatures. Any fluctuation in temperatures from the optimum temperature affects the overall growth and productivity of plants. Any temperature fluctuation from...
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Abstract In the world, there are many diseases originated from foods that were eaten. Some pathonegic bacterias like Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureusin, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureusin, food has gain microbial and pathogenics effects and again food can damage human metabolism and cause diseases, even deaths. Also foods need protection to prevent spoilage and...
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INTRODUCTION The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Human are not able to see small things with their naked eyes. So, in this particular lab, we are looking at the smallest part in the animal and plant. The smallest part of human body is, the...
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Introduction Energy, the ability to do work, plays a key role in all living organisms by providing its cells with fuel to function properly. Because of this, metabolism also plays a key role in all living organisms. Metabolism measures all of an organismâs chemical reactions. One of the main functions of metabolism is to organize the energy of the organism...
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Viruses are the most common biological agents in the sea typically numbering 10 billion per litre. They mostly infect all organism, can undergo rapid decay and replenishment and influence many biogeochemical and ecological process including nutrient cycling, system respiration, and particle size distribution and sinking rates, bacterial and algal biodiversity and species distribution, algal bloom control, dimethyl sulphide formation and...
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Anatomical modifications and cellular responses Regeneration is initiated by wound healing, which is a process mediated by local muscle contraction that allows contact between the remaining dorsal and ventral epidermis layers, which happens right after a few minutes post-injury to prevent further damage and invasion of pathogens. After this, the muscle relaxes, leading to the stretch of the epidermis, creating...
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Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They are microscopic, single celled organisms that can live anywhere. They can reside in the ocean, soil and in human gut. Humans have a relationship with bacteria that is both parasitic and symbiotic. Bacteria are single celled organisms that lack nucleus but have DNA enclosed in a nucleoid or in plasmids. Bacterial cells...
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Abstract Bioremediation of different waste waters is a relatively new technology that has undergone more intense investigation in recent decades. As rapid industrialization and urbanization releases numerous toxic compounds into natural water bodies, polluting both fresh water resources as well as marine water. This process is focused on destroying or immobilizing toxic waste materials present in these water sources. Several...
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ABSTRACT The viral family of Coronaviridae has an important genus that affects humans called Coronavirus (CoV). CoVs distinct spike surface protein projections and its single stranded enveloped RNA give this virus its distinguishable structure. It is the spike surface proteins which bring about virus entry into host cells and the RNA to facilitate multiplication within the host. Once multiplication has...
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Abstract Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components beneath defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both fundamental and connected ponders as well as in commercial application. It was the accessibility of these techniques that driven to the application of tissue culture to five broad zones, specifically, cell...
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Bromelain was first identified in 1891. Vicente Marcano, a Venezuelan chemist, isolated it by taking pineapple and fermenting it. Only one year later, in 1892, more research was conducted on the enzyme by Russell Henry Chittenden, Elliott P. Joslin, and Frank Sherman Meara. They named the enzyme Bromelain. They discovered that Bromelain is good at dividing proteins such as the...
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Every individual knows how hard it is to be sick and ill because of diseases. Humans as well as animals often experienced it due to the viruses around us. A virus cannot survive alone; it needs host cells to continue living. Viruses such as influenza virus in âfluâ, HIV in AIDS, smallpox virus, measles virus, and coronavirus in Covid-19 invade...
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Introduction Weeds are unwanted and useless plants that along with the crop plants. Weeds compete with the crops for light and nutrients, besides harboring various pathogen. So it is estimated that the worlds crops yield is reduced by 10-15% due to the presence of weeds. Herbicides are broad spectrum as they can kill wide range of weeds. What are Herbicides?...
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Introduction Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene. Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation and is often used in research. Methods used to silence genes are being increasingly used to produce therapeutics to combat cancer and other diseases, such as infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders....
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INTRODUCTION The human population is rapidly increasing and needs a substantial increase in agricultural productivity worldwide. However, various biotic and abiotic stresses are majorfactors limiting crop productivity [1]. To feed the world population, productivity must be increased by 70% for an additional 2.3 billion people by 2050.The mechanism underlying environmental stress response and tolerance in plants are different and more...
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Introduction Functional foods are known to possess an additional characteristic by adding new ingredients or increasing the existing ingredients. This term may apply to those traits which are purposely incorporated into existing edible plants, such as purple or gold potatoes having enriched anthocyanin or carotenoid contents, respectively. They are designed to contain physiological benefits which reduce the danger of chronic...
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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected in a way that one cannot take place if the other is not performed. They need each other's existence, basically. It's like they are made to be soulmates; they co-exist. Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O â C6H12O6 + 6O2. Photosynthesis, with the help of light, 6CO2 (6 carbon dioxide molecules), and 6H2O (6 water...
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INTRODUCTION Microorganisms have been used for preparing food products like bread, yogurt, coward, alcohol-dependent drinkable, cheese, etc, for a very long time. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1983, using an antibiotic drug-resistant tobacco plant. In 1994, the transgenic Flavor Saver tomato was released. The modification allowed the tomato to delay ageing after picking. In the early 1990s,...
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Food science is defined as the study of the physical, biological and chemical of food, which most of the studies related to food processing and food deterioration while food technology is the application of it involved in packaging, preservation and food safety (Institute of Fodd Technologies, 2019). The fields that closely related to the food technology are such as biotechnology,...
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USING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CROP DEVELOPMENT Farmers have been practising a crude form of biotechnology for centuries by cross-breeding plants to introduce and maintain desirable characteristics. More recently, plant technologists have bombarded plant cells or small plants with radiation that damages DNA, causing random changes that so result in 'better' plants. However, the newest, truly biotechnological techniques involve genetic engineering and...
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The branch of science in which we study about different microorganisms is called microbiology. living organisms that we cannot see with our naked eye are called microorganisms and microbes. As microbes are found everywhere in our earth crust, so microbiology is an important field for our daily life.microbiology is a vast field as it is used in our pharm industries,...
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Abstract Removal of impurities is a key aspect of downstream processing. While the newly produced target protein must be harvested and purified from the culture, a variety of impurities, including endotoxins, HCPs, viruses and cells must be removed. This study examines each of these impurities and the impact they may have on patient safety and/or drug efficacy. Various removal techniques...
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After bombardment, the somatic embryos of the papaya (Carica papaya) will be selected on medium containing 150 g mLâ1 kanamycin monosulfate for 3 months. According to Drew and Smith(1986), germination of the papaya then will be induced on a modified de Fossard medium (de Fossard et al., 1974) and will be supplemented with 25 g mLâ1 kanamycin. Single plantlets will...
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Plant-Based Diet Nutrition is an extremely important aspect of public health with so many diseases and disorders branching from poor diet and nutrient consumption. Diet and peopleâs nutritional habits can either cause or prevent almost all diseases that are plaguing the western societies but most dramatically is the United States. In most of the world people consume some sort of...
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Abstract Garbage enzyme as additive in synthetic grey water treatment. Fermentation products are kitchen waste, water, Brown sugar. Reduce the pollutant in grey water, used for various household purposes. Garbage enzymes also have antimicrobial activity. It is an eco-friendly biotechnology approach to waste water treatment. Introduction Industrialization revolutionized the world as it brought along with technological leap. Due to change,...
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