Scientific paradigm: Paradigms, introduced by Kuhn in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, are the lenses by which science views the world. A paradigm refers to not only the set of theories but also the entire set of processes, equipment, and measurements used to conduct science (Kuhn 1962). Within a paradigm, there is consensus over the fundamental ideologies, techniques, and methods....
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In 1960s, researchers were inspired by the invention of computer system and characterised STM as a computer with limited capacity which most verbal information is temporarily stored (Broadbent, 1958). Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) then introduced a Dual-Store Model that maintained the short-term memory’s capacity is limited and rehearsal for the retention of information is essential. However, Baddeley and Hitch (1974)...
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This discussion calls for an analysis of Paradigm Shifts. Within this analysis, it will be prevalent to look at Paradigm Shifts of the Past, Present and Probable Future, to see how they influence society. Kuhn outlined scientific paradigms as “accepted examples of actual scientific practice that include laws, theory, application and instrumentation that provide models from which particular coherent traditions...
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Abstract In most people, proficiency in language takes precedence over cognition of individual words and letters contained therein. Therefore, when an individual is presented with a random name, there can read it instantaneously without thinking. The brain can respond automatically to the name and the response time is considerably short. If the same person is presented with the word of...
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Compulsive gambling is a problematic behaviour that has a widespread impact all over the world. For example, there are many cities such as Las Vegas and Macau that are designated for entertainment purposes such as gambling, and many casinos have been established in those regions to cater to patrons. From the engaging lights and sounds of slot machines to strategic...
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Psychodynamic Theory Origin and development The perspectives in social work that we can call psychodynamic, all have an origin that leads back to Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Freud was an educated physician and worked for many years as a researcher within the area of neurology before he developed a theory about: The personality’s construction Children’s development Mental illness and treatment These...
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Understanding memory is important because 'Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present' (Sternberg, 1999). Baddeley and Hitch (1974) talked about the working memory model. They believed that our short-term memory has many stores. One of them being the ability to understand information and finish work depending...
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An absence of exploration about the short-term memory of intellectually gifted students added to the need for this investigation. In the event that a presence of contrasts between mentally, general, and different students is seen, it would profit the educational system to know where the memory’s qualities and shortcomings of individual students lay. Not only would the information on such...
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In the first article, “Why and How Do We Help”, by Susan Krauss Whitbourne, the author takes a look at the various reasons as to why bystanders act the way they do. She explains the theory of “diffusion of responsibility”. Bystanders don’t help in a situation because of the distribution of responsibility between a group of onlookers. When there is...
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One of Sigmund Freud’s most well-known ideas was his theory of personality, which proposed that the human psyche is composed of three separate but interacting parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The three parts develop at different times and play different roles in personality, but work together to form a whole and contribute to an individuals’ behavior. While...
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The following essay will attempt to offer a considered and balanced review of the role of clinical biases in diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis refers to a process that matches an individual’s specific symptoms to those that define a particular mental disorder. Clinical biases refers to behaviours that psychologist unconsciously have, these may be both beneficial and dangerous. Biases occur when researchers...
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When men and women enjoy the same privileges, occasions, and compulsion in all domains of life gives light to gender equality. Gender Impartiality plays an imperative role in sustainable growth and it is of utmost vibrant to the recognition of individual privileges for all. The past time reflects that women were being degraded and were restricted from enjoying their basic...
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The Stroop Colour and Word Test effect on its basis is one of the most well-known and long-lasting phenomena in all cognitive science and psychology. Having been first reported by John Ridley Stroop in 1935, the phenomena explains the degree of difficulty people have with naming colour of the ink rather than the word itself (Stroop, 1935). More specifically, it...
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The human brain is intricate and still very strange. It is probably why many myths about the mind and its functions always come about. One of the most well-known of these legends is often alluded to as the 10% of the brain myth, or the idea that an individual only uses an extremely small amount of their brain in everyday...
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The working memory model is a theory for how short-term memory works, and an expansion of the views expressed in the MSM theory. Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 felt that STM was not just one store but a collection of different stores. These concepts lead them to form a model which consists of three slave systems; the central executive, the...
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Decision making is an important business function which is prevalent within every process at every level of an organization. It is largely dependent upon support from accurate information and data to successfully maintain effective and rational decisions on the basis of analysis of data and information presented. The results of analysis become the foundation for the decision being made. However,...
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Mental Health is a positive idea. The idea is socially characterized, yet by and large identifies with the delight throughout everyday life, capacity to adapt to stresses and pity, the satisfaction of objectives and potential, and a feeling of association with others (Jenkins, 2007).Cutts and Mosaley (1978) has characterized emotional wellness as a 'capacity to alter palatably to the different...
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The Oedipal complex, also known as the Oedipus complex, is a term used by Sigmund Freud in his theory of psychosexual stages of development to describe a child's feelings of desire for his or her opposite-sex parent and jealousy and anger toward his or her same-sex parent. Essentially, a boy feels that he is competing with his father for possession...
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Also called the oedipal complex, the Oedipus complex is a term used in the psychosexual stages of development theory by Sigmund Freud. The concept, first proposed by Freud in 1899 and not formally used until 1910, refers to a male child’s attraction to their parent of the opposite sex (mother) and jealousy of their parent of the same sex (father)....
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Considering the stroop effect, automaticity, and the different types of attention- their relationships can help researchers better understand the cognitive processes activated in order to correctly identify the desired stimulus. In recent years, researchers have dedicated time studying attention and the different types, focused and divided. Attention is defined by the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary as being the act or...
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The psychodynamic theory is a theory by Sigmund Freud. Freud’s theory helps us to understand why people behave in the way they do and why that is. Freud divided the human mind into three sections. These are id, ego, and superego. There are three consciousness levels. 1. Conscious Level – This is where our rationalisation, our thought process and our...
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The effects of being a bystander are very critical. You may be left with saving a persons life trying to intervene those seconds and minutes matter. Appose to you standing around watching. The reduction in helping behavior in the presence of other people, has been explained predominantly by situational influences on decision making. Diverging from this view, there are cases...
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Present article demonstrates a viable method of modification of mango wood (MW) through reactive reinforcement of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Reactive reinforcement of PAN was conducted through sewlling of MW planks (moisture content: 12.5%) into methanolic solution of acrylonitrile (AN, 20-60%,v/v) supplemented with 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (1.0% w/v) at 30 ± 10C over 48h followed by curing of planks at 80 ± 10C over...
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Topic Background/Introduction: This paper studies the effect over pleasure centers on an organism’s behavior, specifically the outcome if the organism can stimulate them on command. The specific stated topic is “reinforcing function of the electrical stimulation”, which essentially means that instead of using electric impulse to study what it triggers (movement, emotion, reaction), this is using electric impulse to study...
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Inverse reinforcement learning is the problem of making an agent learn reward function by observing an expert agent with a given policy or behavior. RL problems give a powerful solution for sequential problems by making use of agents with a given reward function to find a policy by interacting with the environment. However, one major drawback of RL problems is...
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The studies evaluated in this paper all correspond to the Stroop effect, either by directly studying the effect or by determining the mechanism through which it occurs. The Stroop Effect is experienced when a written word differs from the color it is written in, and can be understood as a delay in reaching a correct response when presented with mismatching...
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Operant conditioning is one of the theories of learning founded by a famous American psychologist Skinner, but the real founder of the theory is Edward Thorndike. Operant conditioning is a process that attempts to modify behaviour through rewards (reinforcement) or through consequences (punishment). Reinforcement defined as an increase in a good behaviour after the reward and praise, and the reinforcement...
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Industrial revolution 4.0 has brought technology into our daily lives. With its unremitting advancement, integrating it into education plays a pertinent share in enhancing school education and knowledge sharing. At schools, technology, while supporting knowledge amalgamation, motivates and inspires students to go beyond textbooks and explore a world without physical boundaries. Human interaction, a good teacher, and an appropriate learning...
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Technology has brought about a paradigm shift in the world of ICT. However, it has brought about various effects in our society like cybercrime. Cybercrime is a crime where a person uses a computer to access private and confidential information. Therefore, this paper will discuss on various effects of cybercrime on social media. First, cybercrime has brought about security costs....
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According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. Overview The id operates based on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of needs. The id is one of the three major components of personality postulated by Freud: the id,...
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