ABSTRACT The plant fitness refers to overall performance of a plant. Essentially it includes three factors, namely growth, reproduction and survival. The plant functional traits are those that define a species in terms of their ecological roles ;that is how they interact with the environment and with other species. Seed size is such an important plant functional trait. The effect...
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Abstract When looking at Beetroots the effects of pH can be seen through the pigment of Betacyanin stored within the cell membrane by testing absorbance of the pigment released in a solution due to effects pH has on the permeability of the membrane. The solutions applied to the cells roots leads the cells to become disrupted causing an open membrane...
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Abstract Digestive enzymes play a very important role in providing the energy and proteins that the body needs to survive from the food that is ingested. One important digestive enzyme is pepsin. This enzyme survives the acidic pH of the stomach and is not denatured by it as some enzymes might. Pepsin has a precursor, pepsinogen, which is the inactive...
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ABSTRACT For over a decade now, agriculture has been the key source of income in India. In a country like India, which is developing now, agriculture provides a huge number of employment opportunities. According to a study, a huge population of the country, around 60-70% of the country depends on agriculture. Most of the work related to farming in India...
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The critical cycle of energy and matter that supports the continued existence of life on earth. The important in this world of living and surviving is simply knowing the stages of cellular respiration and photosynthesis and how they interact and interdependence. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two bosses that processes carry out by most living organisms to attain functional...
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the optimal temperature for both bacterial enzyme amylase, known as Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis), and fungal enzyme amylase, known as Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae). During this experiment, both enzymes were exposed to 4 different temperatures (0 ᵒC, 25 ᵒC, 55 ᵒC, and 85 ᵒC) for specific time intervals. The time intervals...
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Enzymes are proteins that help with digestion and metabolism. Their function is to speed up certain reactions within cells. In this case, enzymes were part of a reaction with iodine. A total of eight test tubes were used; four for bacterial amylase and the other four for fungal amylase. A spot place was used to see the reaction between the...
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Introduction Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts which accelerate many biological chemical reactions (Funk and Wagnalls 2018), making them an important staple in linking metabolic networks (Chiu et al. 2006) as well as many biological processes. Thus, it is important to have a fundamental understanding of enzymes and their reactions with substrates, including measuring their activity based on the...
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Introduction Hello members of the editorial board, today I present to you a journal article called the ‘Mathematical Model for Cell Division’ by D. McKenney and J. A. Nickel. This article has caught my eye because it is easy to read and understand with some background knowledge. The journal article is constructed in a way that guides the reader step...
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Introduction The reactions occurring in a living organism are classified as metabolism, it sums up all the chemical reactions occurring in a living thing. Organism rely on metabolism, and ambient temperature can have significant effects on the metabolism of the organism. There is also an inverse relationship between an organism's rate of metabolism and their size. This is because the...
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Since the discovery of cell culture in 1907 it has rapidly become one of the most frequent and important techniques used by cell biologists and as more modern technology has became available, a greater understanding of the method was gained to further enhance the results of cell culture. With the developments of two-dimensional cell culture to three-dimensional cell culture a...
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Over the course of 350 million years, plants and insects have coevolved to counter each other’s defensive strategies. A variety of physical and biochemical mechanisms are used almost intuitively to help plants deter herbivorous pests. Chemical signals and compounds emitted by plants can be exploited by herbivores, predators and parasitoids to locate resources. In this review, we will look at...
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The UN Sustainable Development goals are goals set out to improve upon problems that are an issue on a global scale. There are 17 of these goals which set out to rectify their respective problems.1 For example, these goals include improving good health and well-being, obtaining affordable and clean energy, prevention of further climate change and improving conditions for both...
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Abstract The experiment that was performed over two weeks served to examine how the amount of enzyme, amount of substrate, presence of inhibitor, or the magnitude of temperature changes the reaction rate between the enzyme and substrate present. The enzyme used in these experiments was peroxidase which was extracted from turnips and placed in flasks to be transferred into tubes...
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Cellular respiration is a process by which glucose is broken down in a complicated four step process to produce energy for cellular functions. Cellular respiration is vital for survival as it produces ATP which powers nearly all activities of all cells. Cellular respiration can be defined as “chemical mechanisms by which the cell converts the bound, radiant energy of the...
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INTRODUCTION In the world today, the demand for the use of sustainable and eco-friendly environmental processes is rapidly growing, subjected to economic, public, and legislation pressure. Biotechnology provides a pool of opportunities for effectively addressing issues pertaining to the monitoring, assessment, and treatment of contaminated water, air, and solid waste streams. These pollutants in the environment are great risks for...
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Introduction Storm water management plays a crucial role in maintaining the outlook of cities, structures and facilities in the event of precipitation. Natural, undeveloped land manages rainfall through a combination of evaporation, transpiration and infiltration (Brook 2013). Urban, developed land however contains many altered impermeable surfaces such as roads and buildings that create the need for storm water management. The...
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Introduction Cellular energetics are types of ways in which cells, whether eukaryotes or prokaryotes, obtain energy to drive functions in a cell. Cellular respiration is one type, for eukaryotes, that uses reactants like sugar, such as glucose, and oxygen to create products of carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP (Urry et al 2020). The purpose of...
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ABSTRACT This experiment examined how much O2 was consumed by germinated pea seeds and Zophobus morio Larvae under different temperature conditions. Four different temperature conditions were tested. Those temperature conditions were at 10 degrees Celsius, 20 degrees Celsius, 30 degrees Celsius, and 40 degrees Celsius. An oxygen sensor and a data logger were used to measure this consumption. The germinated...
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Climate change has assumed global concern such that several aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations are relevant to climate change. Some of the climate change related aspects of the SDGs are SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy), SDG 13 (Climate action), SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 15 (Life on land). Within the context...
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Introduction Spectrophotometer A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the transmittance or absorbance of a sample as a function of the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation [1]. Hence, spectrophotometric methods are widely used to measure the concentration of a solute in a solution, and in this case, protein by determining its absorbance at 595nm [2]. A spectrophotometer consists of many parts....
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Introduction Natural Selection has a great effect on species in different environments. Different species can inherit mutations, some may be good, and some may be bad for the individual(McGraw-Hill Ryerson. 2010). It is also the reason for evolution(Grabianowski, 2018). Natural Selection is the leading factor in deciding which species will live and reproduce, and which ones will die out(Brain, 2019)....
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Since the invention of mobile cell phones, people have been carrying them wherever they go and using them for long periods of time throughout the day. Today’s cell phones can do everything from making a phone call across the world, to searching the internet and taking high definition photographs of anything in sight. Cell phones also have applications that people...
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Introduction Starch is a common polysaccharide, made up of glucose monomers (Serrano and Peralta, 2015). Pancreatic amylase is often the enzyme involved in the digestion of starch (Chegeni et al., 2018). Amylase is also an exoenzyme and facilitates the digestion of dietary carbohydrates (Nifty et al., 2019). Amylase causes conformational changes in starch, resulting in a reduced viscosity, and increased...
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Introduction Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is used medically to treat patients and especially children who suffer from pituitary deficiency. This hormone considered to be a protein which contains a specific molecular weight of 22,000 which is extracted or taken from the human pituitary glands (Dr. David Goeddel, 1979) . It was produced using molecular biological techniques derived from a specific...
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INTRODUCTION The light from the Sun and the presence of carbon dioxide is crucial in propelling the process of photosynthesis. It is these main factors that plants can grow and expand. However, the threat of climate change will dramatically alter the conditions in which flora can thrive in. Hence forth this experiment is to model and investigate the impacts of...
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Virus-induced-gene-silencing is an approach of reverse genetics that has been successfully used for to study gene fucntion. It is employed at postranscriptional level by taking advantage of plant defence mechanism against parasite infection. Usually, after viral infection, plants produce double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to degrade RNA viruses. By simulating this approach, in VIGS , genes underlying pathogeneic effects on host...
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the absorbance and concentration of two samples (2% milk and almond milk) compared to standard concentrations. The absorbances were found through spectrophotometry of each sample. The result of this test showed that the amount of protein in the 2% milk and almond milk were less than the majority of the standard...
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INTRODUCTION As curiosity leads to discovery, innovation continues to grow and develop to serve its purpose. For centuries, humans find a way to make their lives easier and try to alleviate the problems presented to them. Along the way, humans were able to integrate engineering principles to the field of medicine and thus creating a new concept called Bioengineering. According...
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Introduction Encouraging as many students to study botany is becoming a major priority for universities across our globe. The Royal Society of Biology have highlighted the lack of plant based teaching in current tertiary education [1]. Out of a total of 130 UK universities only 22 offer any sort of plant/botany based degree as of October 2018. The Boyer Commission...
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