Friedrich Nietzsche and John Stuart Mill were two ancient philosophers. Their theories led to two of the greatest philosophical views in society. Nietzscheâs theory focuses on human well-being and the good life. He believes that each individual should live their life by accepting the idea that we should not be afraid to live our lives. In his theory, he emphasizes that humans do what they do because they seek survival, power, and meaning. Nietzsche believed the morality of an action...
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The iconic philosophical works of Zen Master Dogen by Yuho Yokoi and The Apology of Socrates by Plato are known for focusing on how to create and follow the path towards gaining true self-knowledge. Each of these philosophers is widely known for emphasizing the significance of true self-knowledge through similarities like self-realization and how to devote attention to each of the philosophical practices. On the other hand, there are key differences between these two beliefs like, for example, where self-knowledge...
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Deontological ethical theories state that the morality of an action is predicated on whether the action is wrong or right through considering a set of rules instead of results of the action. In such theories, the action itself is important than its consequences. Immanuel Kant believed in understanding the real nature of morality by placing his focus on the act of happiness. He suggested that something good must be good in itself or intrinsically good and be good without qualification,...
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The aim of philosophy is to clarify the answer any question about life on this Earth. Philosophy is a tool to understand the reality and existence, and each philosopher has his own way to analyze it. In this essay, two important philosophy texts of philosophers Plato and Laozi are going to be compared which are Plato Cavern and Tao Te Ching. First, in terms of law, Plato tells us society will be served by its individuals, so Plato relied idealism...
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The goal of morality is to âguide our actions, define our values, and give us reasons for being the persons we areâ (p. 3). One theory of morality is nonconsequentialism. âNonconsequentalist moral theories say that the rightness of an action does not depend entirely on its consequences. It depends primarily, or completely, on the nature of the action itselfâ (p. 69). With nonconsequentialism, an action could be considered morally permissible even if it produces more bad than good. This leads...
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The ideology of following oneâs heart and desires is a common saying that is taken upon people without thinking about the consequences that can come after. Can we really take action without caring what happens afterward? According to Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, this isnât the brightest thing to do. âAct only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal lawâ (Kant & Marino, 2010, pg. 189). Kant explains...
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Beyond the phenomenological understanding of the world, human ethics and morals are as fermented in human reason as our need for oxygen to breathe. Most discussions about ethics and morals seem synonymous with one association in particular: God. Divine Command Theory argues that whatâs good, and whatâs not, are determined by a deity, whether thatâs the God of Abraham, or a plethora of gods with their own ethical rules. In the theory of Natural Law, Thomas Aquinas, says that morality...
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Do you tend to think critically about who you are and what is your purpose? How would your life be if you never questioned anything, never wondered about things or asked âwhy?â Sometimes we donât even recognize that each and every day we are living the examined life. This lifestyle enables us to make informed decisions about our lives, which most of us do each and every day. In doing this we are ultimately determining what actions we can take...
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The origins of religion have been disputed thoroughly over time. Whether an individual is a believer or not, it is hard to miss the influence of religion in society. Great architectural works, poems, art and literature have stemmed from religion globally. Since the early 20th century, secular scholarly traditions have accepted that religious traditions are merely tools, created in order to organise societies, and not necessarily accounts of divine intervention. They argue that the distinctions we have for religious fact,...
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With thousands of self-help books published under âpersonalityâ each year, and with thousands of psychologists, psychiatrists, scientists and psuedo-scientists identifying a nondescript number of personality types and the traits which fall into them, the idea of the personality is something of a modern phenomenon. Particularly in modern history, the contemporary understanding of the âpersonalityâ finds its origins in âthe long eraâ (1955 to 1974) with political movements becoming centred around notions of identity: race, gender and sexuality, rather than simply...
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I chose to write my paper on Descartes Cartesian Project. I thought his thinking process was very interesting and also very confusing at the same time. Although he left a mess behind, he is known as the âfather of modern philosophy.â One of those reasons is of course because of his Cartesian method. Descartes Cartesian method had four steps: (1) accept as true only what is undoubtable, (2) divide every question into manageable parts, (3) begin with the simplest issues...
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Karl Jungâs work on the psychology of religion was both ground breaking and amongst the first of its kind in its field; however, like his predecessors, his work was not without flaws or to be met without criticism from within the psychological community and from outside disciplines. Commentators have since argued that Jung rejected the notion of God existing beyond the realms of oneâs personal psyche. This essay will address Karl Jungâs depth psychology and its pertaining fundamental concepts which...
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The word deontology comes from the Greek word âdeonâ, which means âdutyâ. Which is why the name âduty-based ethicsâ is associated with deontology. (Alexander & Moore, 2016). Deontology states that regardless of the outcome, one is morally obligated to act following a set of principles and rules. It requires people to follow their rules and do their duties. According to deontology, the correctness of action lies within itself, not in the consequences of the action. Actions can be morally obligatory...
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Emile Durkheim sociology is basic functionalism (Pope, 1975; Dew, 2007), he is the author of many classical texts, and one of those whom originated sociology (Lukes, 1985). In âThe Elementary Forms of Religious Lifeâ (Durkheim 1954) Durkheim studied ritual practices, religious beliefs and their social explanations, Durkheim anticipated to explain ritual practices and religious beliefs thoroughly in a sociological context (Lukes, 1985). âThe Elementary Forms of Religious Lifeâ and other Durkheim work like âsuicideâ (Durkheim, 1951), lead to argue Durkheimâs...
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Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe rely mainly on intervention from inside than from outside. Despite this reason, the book will not be for everyone; however, Aristotle's path into maturity and self-acceptance may find compelling and inspiring. When Danteâs father says to him, âDante, youâre an intellectual. Thatâs who you are. Donât be ashamed of that.â -Dante Quintana, Section 1, âThe Different Rules of Summerâ pg. 35. Comes because they were talking about religion and Ari always...
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What is ethics? Simply put, ethics is the study of the way things should be â ethics gives insight into what people do and why they do it. There are several different types of ethics; this paper will focus on two types: Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism. Kantian Ethics Kantian Ethics is the ethical theory of philosopher Immanuel Kant. Instead of emphasizing an actionâs results, Kantian Ethics emphasizes the principles behind actions. People must treat others with respect and be motivated...
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Philippa Foot in his publication âKilling and Letting Die,â formulated a thought experiment that incorporated two situations. Despite the two different scenarios yielding the exact same consequences in the end, the different methods employed in arriving at those similar outcomes raise questions revolving morally permissibility. In the first scenario which we shall call Rescue I, a person is in a situation where he must drive swiftly in order to rescue five individuals from an imminent ocean tide. Along the way...
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The age old debate of whether or not human beings are born with innate knowledge or if all knowledge is gathered through experience, found in Rene Descartesâ Meditations on First Philosophy and John Lockeâs An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, has raged on for as long as man has thought to question his own existence. As these two papers battle over the reliability of the senses, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the correctness of John Lockeâs proposition that...
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In this paper, I will argue that the views and arguments of Martin Luther King on disobeying unjust laws were more persuasive than the ideas that Plato presents through the words of Socrates in Crito. Laws in certain societies are more suitable for some citizens, but for other parts of society, they are found to be unjust. In the time periods of Plato and Martin Luther King, this was exactly the case, as the divides amongst people allowed there to...
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Philosophy is a way of thinking that attempts to make the connection between the nature of human thinking and the nature of the universe. Human character is built throughout life with the qualities that one embraces to strengthen oneâs being. Plato (427-347 BCE) and Sophocles (496-406 BCE), were ancient Greek philosophers that sought to make sense of the world in an intellectual manner. Platoâs, Platoâs Republic: The Allegory of the Cave, and Sophoclesâ, The Antigone, summon one to give thought...
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Immanuel Kant developed a concept called Categorical Imperative. His concept acts as an ethical principle for behavior which helps in deciding whether an action is right or wrong, desired or undesired. A way to evaluate his concept is to ask what would happen if others also in the same circumstance, act the same. An example of the categorical imperative: Suppose Ram plans on cheating in an examination. If he applies Kant's categorical imperative, he will decide not to cheat because...
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In the Meditation I, doubting plays a huge role in the project, the whole project is based on skeptical doubts and those doubts lead him to the conclusion that he exists. He wants to be completely sure of what is real, so the best way to prove it is to test everything he believes and learnt that is real with doubt. In this essay, I would highlight the significant role of doubt in Descartesâ project by examining his dream and...
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Hurrell Andrew, 1990: âKant and the Kantian paradigm in international relations, review of international studies, pg 183 to 205, vol 16, no 3. Hurrell Andrew begins by saying that Kant has been off great influence in international relations and philosophy especially his book called perpetual peace, which introduced ideas of federalism, world order and pacifism. There has been a 2 stand interpretation of kantâs view, those who say kant is against a world government and non intervention on the one...
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In this day and age, people are living one of the most depressing and demoralizing fragment of the 21st century. Because of this dark and difficult time, itâs crucial to understand why we are looking through the prism of pessimism and thatâs exactly why this essay has place to be. Philosophers like Pico de Mirandola, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were all studying humankind and its origins for years, but they had their own particular visions on this topic. In the...
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Many have developed theories of personality, and one of the most notable was created by psychiatrist, Carl Jung. Bruce Neubeaur describes Jungâs theory of personality as âa topology derived from innate preferences regarding how humans receive and process information.â (2001, p. 297) Jungâs theory of personality is well known and inspired the notable Meyers-Briggs personality type indicator. This essay will aim to give an educational summary of Jungâs personality theory. To understand the reasoning behind Jungâs theory it is crucial...
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The Purpose of Education: John Deweyâs Perspective For John Dewey, a philosopher that contributed a large portion of his works to education, the purpose of education was essentially social reform whereby a democratic education would ensure that children became citizens who were culturally aware, open-minded people who positively contributed to society. Dewey believed that the traditional system of boring, rote learning was not productive or conducive to the childrenâs learning and that the sharing of information and knowledge through experiential...
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Pythagoras theorem also known as Pythagorean theorem is a quite interesting concept, every Maths student would be familiar with the word, even non-maths students also would have gone through it in their school time. This theorem gives the fundamental aspect in Euclidean Geometry connecting the three sides of a triangle provided the triangle must be right-angled. Geometrically it would be amenable to allude the properties and its various dimensions, the pictorial representation of the theorem, its application to real-life is...
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INTRODUCTION In this assignment it focus onto make the learners understand the concept of individual differences. Moreover how to apply the content learn in classroom settings. Through this the learners will get a guideline on how to understand and deal with different types of classroom environments which would help in meeting diverse learning requirement of the students. Also in the movie â To Sir With Loveâ it shows very clearly how can theories of psychologist is being so useful in...
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Introduction Immanuel Kant answered the question of what is enlightenment. He said: 'It is the departure of human from the stage of mental failure and reaching the age of maturity or age of majority.' (2009). The Enlightenment was a broad political, social, cultural and philosophical movement that developed significantly in the 18th century in Europe. It originated in England but the real development was in France. The views of philosophers, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Charles de...
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Introduction John Locke was born in 29 August 1632 and died in 28 October 1704. His era was the 17th century, era of early modern philosophy. He was an English philosopher and physician, and known as the Father of Liberalism. He was known as first British empiricists, he followed the tradition of âSir Francis Baconâ. he is equally important to social contract theory. His main interest was in Metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of mind, philosophy of education and in...
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