Criminology, as a field of study, is deeply entrenched in the debate surrounding the origins of criminal behavior, with scholars and researchers grappling with the intricate interplay between nature and nurture. The nature vs nurture debate posits whether biological predispositions or environmental influences play a more significant role in shaping individuals' propensity towards criminality. This analytical essay aims to delve into this discourse, examining the nuanced perspectives within criminology and the implications they hold for our understanding of crime. Nature:...
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Utopianism is the conventional label for a variety of different approaches to dreaming or thinking about, describing, or trying to create a greater society. Utopianism is derived from the phrase utopia, coined by the usage of Thomas More. In his e ebook Utopia (1516) More described a society significantly higher than England as it existed at the time, and the word utopia (good place) has come to imply a description of a fictional place, commonly a society, that is greater...
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There has been an ongoing debate on the issue concerning how prisoners should be treated in prisons, the main question being, are inmates only supposed to be punished or is it possible to engage inmates in rehabilitation programs and other means to change them and make them law-abiding and self-reliant once released? According to, (Jones, 2009), the major focus of prison rehabilitation programs should be to increase the inmate’s education or skills level and thus increasing their chances of success...
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1. Introduction An alarming number of prisoners are placed into custody around the world every day. There are over ten million inmates who reside in prison and overcrowding is a serious issue that must be addressed (Yeager, 2019:3). There are numerous causes related to prison overpopulation. These causes may include issues such as a significant increase in felonies, widespread poverty, and an increase in the number of arrests made (Victor-Zietsman, 2015:162). Furthermore, the student will examine why prison overcrowding is...
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Do you know the difference between discipline and punishment with their Latin roots? Punishment implies inflicting pain, while discipline means to teach. Parents who use punishment miss important opportunities to teach their children better behaviors and help them self-discipline. Children can be taught responsible behaviors to help them get the things they want without breaking the rules. However, when parents are only interested in compliance, they often impose strict and severe consequences to stop or prevent the behavior. This generally...
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Michel Foucault, author of the book 'Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of Prison' lived from 1926 to 1984 and was a French philosopher, historian, and sociologist. This novel shows how the prison looked and changed, what torture was used, what punishments were used against prisoners, and what a typical day looked like at this place. Foucault undertook a critical reflection on the philosophical tradition associated with rationalism and empiricism. The book begins with a description of the brutal public execution...
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Gender plays in multiculturalism as part of the questions discussed in the class. Sexual discrimination is a serious problem that exists in American society. I interviewed my roommate Samantha (she wanted to remain anonymous so I will use an alias) to discuss this topic, and she is half-Hispanic and half-Native American. Samantha’s parents are both from Mexico, and they moved to the States and became citizens before Samantha was born. First of all, she talks about what certain conditions have...
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With the emergence of modern technology, the issues of fraud can now be handled and managed reasonably. Fraud has continued to be the worst problem in the digital world, it certainly has affected a great number of individuals, organizations, institutions, and other aspects. So many measures have been used in managing and controlling fraud, but some of the measures have failed us and this results in a negative effect. In this paper, I am going introduce five latest technologies that...
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Identity is a social concept, there are individual identities and group identities such as ethnicity, class, and gender. Identity is a fluid concept that has changed over the ages, such as the role of women as housewives, changed by the feminist movements, which now see women's roles as in work. Kehily 2009 defined identity as forged in the social sphere, informed by the past present, and future. Intersectionality explores how the social markers that make up our identity interreact and...
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Introduction Aspiring to be a security guard is about much more than just a job; it's a commitment to safeguarding and protecting others. My motivation for pursuing this path is rooted in a deep-seated respect for the security profession and its overarching significance in maintaining order and safety. This essay explores my journey towards becoming a security guard, driven by a blend of personal experiences and a strong understanding of the vital role this profession plays in society. Early Interest...
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Do you know who Malcolm X is? A lot of people don't. But I am going to teach you about his life. Malcolm Little, better known as Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the fourth of eight children. His parents were Earl Little and Loise Helen Norton Little. He and his family were harassed by the Klu Klux Klan. The harassment continued for a while. Earl Little, his father, moved his family to...
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Being a mother in prison is not easy. Mothers in prisons face challenges that many members of the public are unaware of, challenges that affect both themselves and their children's well-being and upbringings. What challenges do these mothers face and why is this topic important to discuss? Why Is This Topic Important? Within the criminal justice system, women are seen as the least likely gender to be incarcerated, unlike males who hold most prison populations. However, throughout the years as...
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Criminology has always appealed to me, due to its complex nature. Crime has been projected and hyperbolized in the media, where it often incites fear and excludes criminals from our society as it often doesn't promote rehabilitation. Consequently, instead of focusing on many rehabilitation methods, the system rushes to punishment. This has shown to be an ineffective method for the majority as statistics reveal that 60% of people are more likely to re-offend. Therefore, this proves we need to put...
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The term “recidivism” is used to define the tendency of convicted criminals to return to being incarcerated after prior release. It is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice and refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime. The Bureau of Justice Statistics included that 68% of released criminals returned to prison after 3 years of being released. This astounding number may come as a...
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Although solitary confinement has been used in the United States for over a century, it is time to put an end to this abhorrent punishment. Solitary confinement has been proven over the years to be detrimental to the mental health of inmates. According to an article from the journal Crime and Justice, a staggering percentage of prisoners suffer detrimental mental damage from solitary confinement. Questioned prisoners pointed to stress, thoughts of suicide, hallucinations, and difficulty sleeping as symptoms suffered (Smith,...
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Private prisons are correctional and rehabilitation institutions that are managed by third-party institutions, not the state government as commonly perceived. In the USA, private prisons are mainly funded by the government through governmental contracts, which are majorly based on the number of prisoners and the average length of the prisoners’ sentences. It implies that the more the number of inmates these institutions can house with longer sentences, the more funding they get from the government. Ideally, private prisons are portrayed...
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Insanity is commonly defined as the state of being seriously mentally ill. But does that exempt people from punishment for crimes they committed? Insanity pleas are rarely used, and when they are, they have an extremely low success rate. How is one deemed insane? What are the criteria for an insanity plea? These issues have been and continue to be determined by state lawmakers and precedent-setting court cases. One possible outlet for this determination is the use of brain scans....
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The legal defence of ‘insanity’ states that the defendant is not capable of committing a crime as the individual is not aware of the nature or the quality of the act he has committed. Insanity is establishing that the mens rae (guilty mind) was in the individual’s control and if the act was his intention at the time of the offence and not the trial. It is only available as a defence in a murder charge. Using the defence of...
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In order to hold a defendant liable for a criminal offence, the prosecution not only bears the burden of proving the mens rea but also bears the burden of disproving any defence that can exonerate, reduce or lessen the defendant’s liability. Two such general excusatory defences that can be pleaded in relation to all crimes - insanity and intoxication - will be discussed chronologically along with comparisons and differences being drawn regarding their nature and application. The defence of insanity...
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Laws and regulations concerning the insanity defense have been under constant change. When is someone deemed legally insane? And how can we determine insanity based on psychology and law? This paper provides an overview of the different laws used to determine insanity over the decades and the implication of psychological input in court. Criteria of the Insanity Defense in Court The M'Naghten Rule The M´Naghten rule, established in the 1840s, entails two criteria to determine whether someone eligible is for...
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Some of the most asked questions in the criminal justice system are: what are the causes or factors that tend to formulate a criminal? What made him/her commit the crime? This question alone gives critical criminologists a job, amongst many other needed fields of interest. Criminology has various perspectives observed through a vast amount of theoretical and research approaches. The approach that is to be considered based on this topic would be the positivist school of criminology. “Many sociological theories...
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Criminologists are always trying to get to the root of why people commit crimes and create theories on why those same people act in the manner that they do. There are many theories that account for why people commit crimes and what drives them to do so. Recently through this course, the class has touched base on a few of these key theories, such as social disorganization or social ecology, the code of the streets, social learning, and biosocial theories....
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Prison overcrowding is not a new issue in the penal system in the United States. As far back as the original thirteen colonies, there have been problems surrounding the incarceration of criminals. Over the past century, different situations have caused fluctuations in the number of people confined to prisons, in both the federal and state-level justice systems. This issue is not only a threat to the general public, it can hurt state budgets, the employees that work in the complexes...
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There are many concerning issues within juvenile corrections. One of those pressing issues is solitary confinement. Solitary confinement is defined as the isolation of a prisoner in a separate cell as a form of punishment. Every day across the United States, young people under the age of 18 are placed in solitary confinement. In this essay, I will discuss the issue surrounding juveniles in solitary confinement compared to Germany’s treatment of juveniles and the ways it has improved. According to...
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The kidnapping of Peter Weinberger stunned the country in 1956. It brought a dreaded reality to the average family. During my research, I found that kidnappings, the taking of a child by a stranger, were not common in the era of the 50s. A headlining kidnapping case prior to Peter Weinberger was the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr. in 1932. His father was a well-known aviator. The difference between the two kidnappings was that Peter Weinberger belonged to a loving,...
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'But secondly, you say 'society must exact vengeance, and society must punish'. Wrong on both counts. Vengeance comes from the individual and punishment from God (Victor Hugo). What can be considered a 'just punishment' is a much-debated and complicated subject. Who has the authority in deciding whether the severity of a punishment is appropriate or too cruel? In his article 'Going to See a Man Hanged', published in Fraser's magazine for town and country, William Makepeace Thackeray asserts his opinion...
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If Australians are caught and found guilty of smuggling illegal drugs into another country that has the death penalty as the standard punishment for such a crime, then it is not morally right that they are sentenced according to that country’s laws. To prove this statement, I am going to focus on two ethical theories. Retributivism is an ethical theory of punishment focusing on the idea that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires him or her to suffer...
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Should capital punishment be reintroduced? I chose this topic as I believe it is still relevant in today's society as it varies between countries and there is still not a unanimous opinion on the topic therefore is highly controversial and I would like to complete this research to discover my own true opinion. I also have interests in law and criminal justice that I would like to further explore and believe it would be an interesting area to explore because...
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What is the principal explanation behind capital punishment? Human developments have been doing capital punishment for 4,000 years back. Capital punishment is held today for ruthless and deplorable wrongdoings, for example, first-degree murder. Nations like China, Iran, Japan, and India extend capital punishment for monotonous fierce wrongdoings, for example, assault, rape, or explicit medication offenses. Here is a portion of the upsides and downsides of capital punishment. Here are a few experts on capital punishment. It is an approach to...
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The death penalty is taking a human lifestyles in return for some bad conduct submitted by using an individual that has been esteemed to be so antagonistic to society it warrants the closure of the informer's existence. The death penalty can't be a straightforward issue which can without a whole lot of stretch be decided in excessive contrast non-debatable terms. There are continuously specific sides to an problem, yet the death penalty is by means of all debts a multi-sided...
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