Introduction René Descartes, a seminal figure in Western philosophy, sought to establish a foundation for certain knowledge in his seminal work, "Meditations on First Philosophy." Among the various thought experiments he employed, the Evil Genius Hypothesis remains one of the most intriguing and provocative. Descartes imagines a powerful and malevolent entity, an "Evil Genius," who deceives him into believing in...
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René Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" is a cornerstone of modern Western philosophy, often credited with laying the groundwork for much of contemporary thought. Among the six meditations, the Third Meditation stands out as a pivotal juncture where Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. This essay delves into the significance of the Third Meditation, exploring its philosophical implications,...
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Immanuel Kant's Deontology Definition: In the 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment was in full swing. People were beginning to rely on the principles of natural law, which states that there is a right and a wrong and that we must use reason, or our sense of logic, to figure out the difference. During this time, a German philosopher named...
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Sophocles' Oedipus is one of the most notable unfortunate heroes throughout the entire existence of drama. His weird destiny drives him to heartbreaking ruin that leaves both the peruser and the crowd feeling sincerely influenced. As indicated by the meaning of the Greek thinker, Aristotle, Oedipus' problematic story qualifies him as a lamentable hero. Oedipus is the epitome of Aristotle's...
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Introduction: John Locke, an influential Enlightenment thinker, played a significant role in shaping the political philosophy behind the United States Constitution. His ideas on natural rights, social contract, and limited government had a profound impact on the framers of the Constitution, laying the foundation for the principles and structure of the American system of government. This essay critically examines the...
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It's my first time watching this movie, and I can truly say that it helped me discover new things and come to even more new conclusions. At first, I was perplexed, and I could not figure out what was going on, but as the film went on, somehow everything seemed clearer to me. This film has many plot twists, a...
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Immanuel Kant created his ethical teachings with a basis of doing your duty and with goodwill. A priori reason is used to follow the three forms of categorical imperatives and the three postulates. Kant focuses’ on the intention and so is non-consequentialist and deontological. The ultimate ending to following the maxims created is happiness. However, Kant’s ethical teachings are argued...
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Karl Marx, John Mill, and Sigmund Freud are some of the most iconic philosophers and writers who focused their works on human nature. Each individual had a different view on human nature and progress, but religion ties into and is a key point in their work. In Karl Marx’s Early Writings, he refers to religion as “the opium of the...
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I will be mindful of developing through the years, and I used to be usually taught that as soon as you die, your soul would drift up to heave and that's how you would live the relaxation of your days. This used to be my theory of the self; you would live out your days on earth but ascend to...
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The Oxford dictionary describes democracy as “Democracy is all a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting”. Democracy existed in pre-agricultural societies, it was first seen in Greece, in Athens in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Democracy first made an appearance in the form that we know, as representative democracy, in the 18th century, as the...
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In Plato’s Alcibiades I, the relationship between Socrates and Alcibiades is a perfect example of seeing beyond the flaws of another and guiding them to be the best version of themselves. Socrates is defined as an erotic character who strives for truth and self-perfection in the form of wisdom and virtue. On the other hand, Alcibiades is young and ignorant...
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Introduction Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill demonstrate two contrasting moral theories. The philosophers have very different ideas about ethics and happiness. Immanuel Kant, author of “Duty and Reason”, believed in the morality of goodwill and duty. According to Kant, happiness is an emotion unable to be controlled while motive is controllable; therefore, duty is the most important aspect of...
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Kant and Hegel are well known for their contributions to the field of philosophy and history. Their views and ideas have led to different ways of viewing and understanding concepts of history. Their theories of history provide more insight into things such as absolute freedom, self-consciousness, enlightenment and morals in society. Some of their views on these concepts represent similarities...
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Europe had once been covered by dark clouds of bloodshed, hostility, and conflict but many Enlightened thinkers and leaders struggled through many troubles for the cause of human life; upon the enlightenment, multiple philosophers and leaders emerged to create a new era where human life was treasured, new ideas were heard, and ways of life were improved upon for all....
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In this essay, I would like to discuss Rousseau’s approach to childhood and how his work impacted society. The themes of innocent states and fears of corruption are repeating themes that appear within Rousseau’s work. I would like to highlight the main points he emphasizes throughout his texts, particularly in his treatise on education called Emile (1762), also known as...
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Introduction This paper researches the habits by which John Locke stated progressivism and refashioned its image. It has been discovered that the speculations given by Locke suggest the present current world in all the classes of the general public and are refreshed. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British logician, Oxford scholastic and restorative scientist. Locke's stupendous Essay...
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If a tree falls in the forest and there is no one around to hear it, does it make a sound? In order to answer this question, we must first understand John Locke and his view on epistemology in order to get a clear meaning of this philosophical puzzle. First, what is epistemology? Epistemology is one of the four main...
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John Locke was an enlightened thinker from England born in Wrington, Somerset 1632 to family of Puritans (a father who even fought on the side of the parliamentarians during the English Civil War). Labeled as a contract theorist which the study of how conflicting interests build formal and informal ways of working constructively, Locke was known as the “father of...
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 Although capitalism has been the dominant form of economic system globally in the past 50 years, its success in allowing individuals to self-thrive has been constantly criticized (Meltzer, 2012). Karl Marx’s Volumes I, II, and III of Das Kapital, published in 1867, 1885, and 1894, respectively, famously theorizes the collapse and self-destruction of capitalism. Capital, known as being “a bible...
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Liberalism is comprised of eight core principles that define its outlook on everything from the role of the individual in society to social justice and the part the state plays in tolerance and equality (Goodwin, 2014). The father of liberalism is often seen to be John Locke, a political thinker who emphasized the idea of a social contract wherein all...
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In Albert Camus’s “The Stranger”, the absurdity of life from Camus’s eyes is put on display through the main character Meursault. The sense that the meaning of life is in human experiences and that things shouldn’t be questioned is the basis of who Meursault truly is as a person. These personality traits reveal that Meursault is a perfect example of...
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What was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement in Europe that occurred throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The Enlightenment arrived at a time of history when countries were governed by monarchs. There were many kings throughout Europe. These kings allied themselves with the Catholic Church to govern the citizens. The king told their citizens that...
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John Locke was known to be one of the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment Era, and earned the title of the “Father of Liberalism”. Within his work, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, a foundational work during the Enlightenment, Locke’s epistemological narrative reflects the claim that we, as humans, are not in the position to know, or discover, more than...
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Throughout history, art has been heavily influenced by sociopolitical and cultural events which have transpired within society. These events have had a notable influence on the genre and characteristics of art produced. For instance, the emphasis on religious subjects during the medieval era; was used to inspire pious living through religious indoctrination. During the Enlightenment, as scientific discoveries and inventions...
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Religion could be a set of convictions that are passionately held by a gathering of individuals that are reflected in a worldview and in expected beliefs, activities, or actions. There are numerous different religions, each with a diverse set of beliefs. Beliefs are about the world and the individuals in it, about how they came into being, and what their...
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In this narrative, I will attempt to explain the Apology, by Socrates. He proclaimed his innocence of charges that he had suborned the youth men Of Athens and he would attempt to plead his case in front of several Athenian Council members (Alan De Botton, The Consolations of Philosophy, (New York, Vintage Books, 2000),28-29. He believed that Philosophy should attain...
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Human beings have proven to be the most peculiar creatures when it comes to establishing a strong and resistant civil state that will benefit all those within a particular society. For centuries different individuals have attempted to identify the origins of human instincts’. Certain individuals have inclusively taken the time to compose works of their own explaining their point of...
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The industrial revolution was the second most experienced revolution in man's history. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 18th. The transition was characterized by the use of machines that replaced human labor. Also, a source of energy such as steam and water power was increasingly used. Industrially, the textile industry was the first one in the Industrial Revolution....
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'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' does not operate under the pretense of possessing a store of wisdom to be passed on to others, rather it aims to dispel sources of intolerance, stimulate others to think for themselves, and promote the cause of freedom enacted through thought and action. As an adequate representation of the spirit of the modern age, it...
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There is no ultimate valuable outcome, nor should outcomes be in competition with one another to create the most value. Providing we strive to create good for everyone and treat others as rational autonomous individuals with an equal amount of respect for one another, friendship (entailing both the love for family and friends) is the most loving thing. Here, love...
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