Environment and climate change is a concerning issue in Bhutan. Climate change has become one of the twenty first century’s important and debated environmental issues in both, national and international forums. They have been discussions regarding climate change and environmental deterioration as a cause of insecurity. The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan which is a land locked country is also working tirelessly to overcome such issues and one of the climate policies of the country is to remain carbon neutral. Climate...
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Historians and scholars all agree that to understand the development of the Egyptian civilization one must attribute due credit to the Nile River and its role. Early settlers in the northern Nile River Valley settled along the river’s banks. They found that in the thin fertile region near the Nile was suitable agricultural soil. The Nile also served as an effective route of trade and communication for Egypt across their expansive, rugged land. Moreover, with the river valley only stretching...
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In modern times, rivers are generally regarded as a source of entertainment, fishing, or rarely, water. This was hardly the case in Ancient Egypt, where the Nile River was the key to the very existence of the greatest ancient empire of all time. The Nile River is a major northward flowing river in northeastern Africa. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea, in Egypt. It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world. In the times of Ancient Egypt,...
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Blue economy is the concept that depicts the activities of human being in the oceans and coastal zones to enrich the livelihood of the people with simultaneous effort to preserve the marine area free from pollution and hazards so that the life standard of the people can be enriched with achieving the sustainable usage of the oceans and coastal zones as well. It is considered a part of the green economy As day goes by the population of most of...
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Bioluminescence is the term used to define the chemical that produces light energy within the body of an organism. For the reaction to take place organism must contain a molecule called luciferin, which then reacts with oxygen to produce light. According to scientists, there are different types of luciferin, and they vary depending on the animal hosting the reaction. Most organisms do also produce a catalyst by the name of Luciferase, which also helps in speeding the reaction in the...
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An organisational structure is a system that outlines how certain activities are directed in order to achieve the goals of an organisation. These activities can include power, roles, and responsibilities. The organisational structure also determines how information flows between levels within the company. For example, in a centralised structure, decisions flow from the top down, while in a decentralised structure, decision-making power is distributed among various levels of the organisation. There are many different structures and this depends on the...
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Introduction Declining biodiversity across the world has compelled many countries to come up with effective conservation measures that enhance sustainable use of natural resources. The Costa Rica National Institute of Biodiversity entered into unique agreement in 1991 with a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Company, which allowed joint exploration and exploitation of biodiversity for the benefit of the pharmaceutical company and conservation of the environment to save the declining biodiversity. The prime objective of the agreement was to enhance sustainable use...
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Commenting on the many economic and social problems that American society now confronts, Newsweek columnist Robert J. Samuelson recently wrote: 'We face a choice between a society where people accept modest sacrifices for a common good or a more contentious society where groups selfishly protect their own benefits.' Newsweek is not the only voice calling for a recognition of and commitment to the 'common good.' Daniel Callahan, an expert on bioethics, argues that solving the current crisis in our health...
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Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change believed to be permanent. (livescience.com ). The National Geographic website explains that global warming is the result of high levels of greenhouse gases(carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and ozone) in the earth’s atmosphere. Wikipedia asserts that global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s near-surface air and oceans (Wikipedia.com, 2008). According to National Geographic’s official website, global...
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Lord Rama is one of the most respected and reversed gods in Hinduism. He is believed to be the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Lord Rama was born during Treta Yuga out of four cyclic yugas described in religious books. Lord Rama is considered to be one of the most ideal man acquiring several names like “Maryadapurushotham –respectable and best human being”. Hindus look up to the qualities of Lord Rama in every aspect of their lives as he has...
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Of all the planets of the solar system, only the Earth is not only inhabited, but also inhabited by highly developed intelligent beings. However, this was not always the case. A few million years ago, dinosaurs reigned on the planet, but suddenly they all died, leaving only bones as proof of their existence. Then life on the planet was revived again and the cause of this phenomenon scientists associate with evolution, and religious figures with God's idea, with scientists denying...
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Abstract This paper explores the relationship between the development of human languages around the world and the distinct environmental phenomena the speakers of a particular language are encountered with. By examining six journal articles and one media interview with a prominent researcher in the area of study, I have determined that there is a significant amount of evidence that supports the idea that language is adaptive to the world around it and that this research is only scratching the surface...
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There are many verses in the bible that talk about the protection of our environment. Christians therefore have some sort of responsibility of encouraging positive change for the benefit of the future. There is a way to be environmentally conscious while still maintaining a strong faith relationship between you and God. Christian environmentalists emphasize the ecological responsibilities of all Christians as being in charge of God's earth. However, “Much of the contemporary debate about Christian attitudes towards the physical environment...
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Introduction Photomorphogenesis is the progression of plants where the case of plant improvement responds to the scope of light. At this moment, is used as a wellspring of essentialness. Any change in the structure and function of an organism in response to changes in light intensity is known as photomorphogenesis. Close by plants, it is a common part of progression in living beings, protists, and microorganisms. (Admin, 'A Brief Account On Photomorphogenesis', 2020) On germination plants go through a few...
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Why is earth the only planet that is suitable for living? After several researches and operations that has been sent to other planets to see whether if it’s possible for us human beings to live on them, but result are still vague. Since, other planets have scarcity in the essentials that humans need. Investigators are concerned that there aren’t any alternatives planets to earth and that human’s life is connected to it. And if anything was to happen to planet...
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Terpenes Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur inside the organism. The products of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and many others are all beneficial in the existence and survival of the organism. The molecules produced in these processes are essential in the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the cell. Primary metabolites are molecules that are commonly found inside the cell like amino acids, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are also...
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Plant extract refers to a product that is formed through an extraction and separation process where plants are used as raw materials. Generally the original components of the plants are not changed. In some cases, excipients are also used to make the powder or granular products have features like good fluidity and resistance to moisture absorption. There are also a small amount of liquid or oily plant extract products. According to process and intrinsic quality, plant extracts can be divided...
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Viruses are the most common biological agents in the sea typically numbering 10 billion per litre. They mostly infect all organism, can undergo rapid decay and replenishment and influence many biogeochemical and ecological process including nutrient cycling, system respiration, and particle size distribution and sinking rates, bacterial and algal biodiversity and species distribution, algal bloom control, dimethyl sulphide formation and genetic transfer (Fuhrman, 1999). Although there was persuasive evidence in the late 1970's that viruses are abundant in the sea...
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Food science is defined as the study of the physical, biological and chemical of food, which most of the studies related to food processing and food deterioration while food technology is the application of it involved in packaging, preservation and food safety (Institute of Fodd Technologies, 2019). The fields that closely related to the food technology are such as biotechnology, engineering, nutrition and quality and safety management. In this review, biotechnology will be discussed on its roles and applications towards...
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After bombardment, the somatic embryos of the papaya (Carica papaya) will be selected on medium containing 150 g mL−1 kanamycin monosulfate for 3 months. According to Drew and Smith(1986), germination of the papaya then will be induced on a modified de Fossard medium (de Fossard et al., 1974) and will be supplemented with 25 g mL−1 kanamycin. Single plantlets will then transferred into vessels containing the same medium without kanamycin. In the culture medium, high concentration of minerals and hormones...
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Plant-Based Diet Nutrition is an extremely important aspect of public health with so many diseases and disorders branching from poor diet and nutrient consumption. Diet and people’s nutritional habits can either cause or prevent almost all diseases that are plaguing the western societies but most dramatically is the United States. In most of the world people consume some sort of meat or animal product every day and for some countries like the United States of America and many other western...
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Abstract Many different variables influence the relationship between plants and pollinators. Their mutualistic relationship drives a coevolutionary force among species. They rely heavily on each other for survival and reproduction, each exploited the others resources for their own benefit. With plants requiring insects and animals for pollen transfer and reproduction, new adaptations have arisen in response to pressures exerted on them by pollinators and external forces. Plants have modified their floral and fruit signaling to promote plant reproduction, and have...
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Biotechnology is defined as “the exploitation of living systems and biological processes to develop tools for technological use”. It may be applied in areas such as industry, medicine, environmental sciences as well as computer design. The field of biotechnology is very broad because there is such a wealth of biological phenomena which we could harness for human benefit. However, although these biological advances have positive and reliable uses in today’s society, it also poses various ethical and social concerns affecting...
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Abstract Plant magnetobiology has become an important topic to study and manage biological effects on plants.Studies over the past several years have paved its way asa new advancementfor achieving enhanced growth and development in crop plants including horticultural plants.An emphasis has been made upon the use of this technique with different magnetic field intensity and exposure. The precisemechanism of its action is not known, but biological and chemical cues are being studied as possible mechanisms. This article presents an overview...
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Introduction Growing crops hydroponically is an alternative to traditional soil farming methods (7). Hydroponics systems consist of a water-based solution enriching in nutrients, without the use soil (2). Commonly an artificial medium is used to provide support for the plant as soil is not being used (2). Hydroponic systems started in 1920 and have dramatically evolved in a variety of designs (2). Interest in hydroponics is rapidly increasing and is very important due to the growing demand need for maximizing...
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Introduction Aquatic plant ecology is the study of organisms interaction with their environment to develop a better understanding of certain spices. Duckweed (Lemna) is an effective aquatic plant in removing nutrients and it has been proven that Lemna is able to manage the nutrients for wastewater treatment (Bonomo et al., 1997). Light is an important factor in plant existence. plant cells need the energy that light provides through photosynthesis, which is necessary for plant growth. The light that absorbed by...
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Abstract Beneficial effect of plants in treatment of diabetes is well-known in traditional medicine and confirmed in numerous scientific studies. The basic platform for testing potential antidiabetic activity of traditionally known plants and their bioactive compounds are experiments in vitro. These assays usually measured enzyme inhibitory activity such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase controlling starch breakdown and other aspects connected with diabetes mellitus disease. In recent years the interest in plant-derived compounds useful in diabetes treatment or complication reduction is in...
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ABSTRACT Most fungi are saprophytic and not pathogenic to plants, animals and humans. However, a relative few fungal species are phytopathogenic, cause disease (e.g., infections, allergies) in man, and produce toxins that affect plants, animals and humans. Among such fungi are members of the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as well as other genera (e.g., Alternaria, Mucor) comprising the emerging pathogen group in humans. These fungi present a common threat to both agricultural production and the health of healthy and immunocompromised...
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Abstract The diseases of plants caused by viruses are always in main concern for researchers because they reduced the yield and quality of food grains or horticultural products like fruits, vegetables and flowers which will leads a major economic loss of agricultural stakeholders. Presently there is no direct control strategy for viral infection in plants. Advancement in technology leads a novel approach which uses peptide aptamers for controlling plant virus. This technology is effective because the peptide aptamers are specific...
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One of the common criticisms about advancing space exploration and space research is that “It is a waste of precious money and resources that could and should be used to improve life on Earth”, but in reality there is only so much resources available on Earth. Eventually there will not be enough supplies and resources for everyone or anyone. It is inevitable that a catastrophic global event will transpire causing humans and animals being forced to leave and inhabit the...
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