”I have noticed that those who go for abortion have once been a fetus and went through conception before coming into this world.” A quote from Ronald Reagan (https://www.goodreads.com). During the last twenty years, abortion has been a controversial issue in the United States and most countries of the world including Papua New Guinea as a whole. According to the...
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Plato's 'The Apology' is a dialogue that provides Plato's version of a speech given by Socrates to defend himself against the charges of corrupting the youth and impiety, charges that Socrates ultimately was convicted of and sentenced to death. This dialogue contains one of the most frequently cited lines in the entire history of Western thought. When speaking to the...
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Immanuel Kant believed that morality is doing the right thing just because you know it’s the right thing. His theory contradicts other theories of thought such as utilitarianism. Utilitarians argue that the most moral action is one that fashions the greatest amount of good or happiness for the greatest number of people. This theory concentrates on the consequences of one’s...
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Back then, philosophy for me is nothing but a vague and distant kind of notion. Simply because I see it as a very deep, broad, and difficult to understand in a general case. But putting up perseverance enable me to give assumptions and queries about how these philosophers gave their insights about plain words but managed to make them bigger...
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The reason or reasons for which Meursault accepts his death at the conclusion of 'The Stranger' are many and they are complex. To argue that he accepted his death for the truth suggests that he saw some benefit to the world by staying true to himself. As a textbook example of an existentialist, however, Meursault does not believe that any...
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Karl Marx introduced the idea of Marxism, a socioeconomic way of organizing society by making the workers own the means of production. Marx proposed that this was the next step for all of society. This idea had its fair share of pros and cons that prevent people from making it a part of their society today. Marxism had many pros....
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The Republic is perhaps one of the world’s most popular and most influential works of political theory and philosophy, both historically and intellectually. In his Republic, Plato brings to life the main character of Socrates (Plato’s real-life teacher and role model) and explains to the reader his own personal views on how a virtuous and most importantly just city would...
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Historians and Philosophers speculate that Aristotle wrote more than 200 separate works, of those around 30 survive. While his former teacher and colleague Plato wrote in a more poetic way, Aristotle writes in a more systematic textbook way. Therefore, a lot of parsing and unpacking of the text is required to understand what Aristotle is saying. Aristotle (384 BCE -...
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In John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, civil society, from what it is, ought to do, and where it comes from, is all adequately fleshed out and outlined in nineteen distinct chapters. Unlike other political thinkers of his and before his time, Locke does not see political society as an absolute and a necessary part of mankind but rather Locke...
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Throughout the Socratic dialogue ‘Protagoras’, the sophist Protagoras argues that being virtuous can be taught. Protagoras argues that excellence can be taught, as it is an example of citizenship. He claims that “I am a sophist and I educate people”, most particularly how to teach students to be excellent speakers. On the other hand, Protagoras’ antagonist, Socrates, claims that virtue...
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What makes a good leader? Is a good leader one that is virtuous or one that can do whatsoever is necessary to protect their territory? Niccolò Machiavelli in ‘The Prince’ provides a thorough guideline as to the qualities of a good leader (i.e., prince). I will be analyzing the behaviors and decisions made by Creon in Sophocles’ play ‘Antigone’ to...
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Descartes’ arguments for substance dualism seek to show that there are two distinctly different kinds of substance – body and mind. He seeks to show that they perform different functions and are constituted of entirely different things. Two arguments he uses in an attempt to do this are the argument from indubitability and the real distinction argument. This essay will...
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Ignorance is usually an ability that any person would now not know. In truth, lack of knowledge is the having faith that there is any individual who can be aware of something, and that there is any man or woman who can be conscious of him or herself. Socrates and Plato had substantial and one-of-a-kind views on how they portrayed...
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Plato’s view on immorality is ignorance is derived from the argument put forward in ‘Protagoras’ by Socrates, who claimed that all wrong and evil is done due to a lack of knowledge. In this essay I plan to critically analyze this argument and evaluate an objection to Plato’s claim that immorality is ignorance by disproving the premise that every action...
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This essay is going to be talking about whether achieving happiness is just a matter of good luck or if there is more to it than that. It will be considering the Greek philosopher Aristotle’s response to this question and will also be looking at what achieves a person’s happiness. Achieving happiness comes from many different things at different times...
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The mind-body dilemma has been the subject of philosophical analysis for decades and has but to be wholly understood. As the main advocate for dualism, Descartes states that as people we are composed of two essential substances: the mental and the bodily, which manipulate to exist aspect by way of side. Without a doubt, Cartesian dualism used to be one...
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After learning where we stand in what our current situation is, what technologies have we already acquired, and which we are soon to have available, only one question comes to mind: what will be of humans, both as individuals and as a community? Throughout history, many philosophers have tried to define what a human is. Plato described humans as a...
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Renaissance is a period of growth when discoveries, explorations, inventions, and values once again were wildly focused on which allowed influential intellectuals to promote innovative shifts in thought. Niccolò Machiavelli was just one of many divergent thinkers who contributed to learning and change, however, his controversial reputation, questionable ambitions, and overall thought-provoking written works make him stand out as a...
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A political ideology is a set of ethical principles, beliefs, doctrines, traditions, or symbols held by a social movement, institution, class, or a sizeable amount of people that explains how society should function and provides a political and cultural blueprint for a particular social order. In this paper, I will be focusing on four different types of political ideologies. Those...
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Can life be meaningful without friends? In considering whether a life without friends would make sense, we must first consider what friendship is and what it means to people. Friendship in its most basic definition is known as the social and emotional bond established by people who show love and understanding to each other. Because we are social beings as...
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Introduction Socrates, the enigmatic philosopher of ancient Athens, remains an enduring symbol of wisdom, virtue, and intellectual inquiry. Born in 469 BCE, his profound impact on Western thought and philosophy has left an indelible mark on history. This essay explores the life, ideas, and enduring contributions of Socrates, delving into his philosophical concepts, particularly those concerning the mind, body, and...
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As Thomas Hobbes once said, “Hell is the truth seen too late”. In truth, many learn this lesson the hard way. Throughout our lifetimes, many see fantasy before reality, which is why philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, along with authors such as William Golding, try to enlighten people with a new way of thought. Lord of the Flies, is a...
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This essay will primarily discuss Locke's notion of ideas and more importantly their relationship with objects. I will attempt to show that some fundamental aspects of his philosophy, which he deems to conserve, force him to a representational cognitive theory; however, any interpretation of said theory seems to underpin another fundamental aspect of his philosophy. Ideas and their relationship with...
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How do you visualize ‘good’ and ‘evil’? What determines them? Are they absolute or relative? How important is the concern of ‘good’ and ‘evil’? Good and evil are common topics of debate in our society. In general, what we do for the betterment of people is good and what we do for harming people is evil. Though there is no...
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In Euthyphro, why does Socrates want to know what Piety is? Why was Socrates happy to run into Euthyphro, and where and when he did? Was Euthyphro helpful to Socrates? Yes, no, why? Socrates has been persecuted by Meletus for corrupting the youth, inventing new gods, and denying the existence of old ones, therefore, Socrates wants Euthyphro (a supposed great...
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Abstract The interest of modern scientists in Karl Marx’s relevance has arisen due to the globalization of the world economy and the financial crisis that has hit the leading industrial countries in recent years. The opinion of Marx’s importance today is divided between two camps of scientists and critical scholars: one says that there is a certain historical “backwardness” of...
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This paper assignment will have to do with the interpretation of Nietzsche’s philosophy. The topic will be what Nietzsche means when he claims that, “God is dead”. Some may interpret that Nietzsche believed that God is dead or gone, but that is not what he meant. Instead, he is trying to indicate that there is an increase in atheism, a...
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Friedrich Nietzsche’s Twilight of the Idols is a book that touches on topics of decadence and nihilism in figures, societies, and cultures. This book contains a chapter on Socrates, labeled “The Problem of Socrates”. The chapter focuses on a critique of Socrates’ beliefs through Nietzsche’s views on Socrates’ philosophy on the value of life, dialectics, and reason. And this will...
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Introduction. The world as we know is made up of different assumptions or beliefs which are asserted by individuals some internally and some vocally, these may stand to be true and some may be false (Sire, 1990:29-30). The way the world is viewed differs from an individual’s perspective, this led to authors like Nietzsche and Sartre formulating, and explicating different...
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Chalke and Mann ask ‘How’ have we come to believe that at the cross this God of love suddenly decides to vent his anger and wrath on his own son? This highlights a point of interest, how we arrive at doctrinal conclusions about atonement. The development of atonement models is of great importance, thus Chalke and Mann introduce an interesting...
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