A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation or change in an individualâs DNA. Sometimes a whole or part of a gene is defective or missing from birth or can mutate later in life, which can disrupt how proteins are made. This affects the bodyâs systems and causes health problems and diseases, such as sickle cell, SCID, and cancer. Majority of treatment strategies, for genetic disorders, do not alter the underlying genetic mutation, however a few have been...
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Summary Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide with myocardial infarction being the frontrunner for morbidity and mortality. Although medical and surgical treatments currently can significantly improve patient outcomes there exists no treatment that can generate new cardiac tissue or reverse the damage caused by cardiovascular disease. With new research being available that challenges the idea that myocytes are incapable of regeneration, a new avenue of treatment presents itself this being cell therapy. Increasing evidence is showing that...
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A regular physical activity program is another cornerstone of diabetes care. Much attention must be paid to choosing the most suitable activity. The duration, intensity and frequency should be advised by your doctor or the team of specialists who follow you. The total amount of carbohydrates introduced each day with the diet must be such as to provide between 45 and 60% of the total daily kcal. Contrary to what many think, people with diabetes do not have to eliminate...
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In this essay, a case study based on Cystic Fibrosis will be looked at and how successful gene therapy is in curing cystic fibrosis and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Introduction: What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease. It causes some glands in the body not to work properly. This condition causes the buildup of sticky mucus in the lungs, and digestive system, but also the pancreas, liver kidney and intestine. It is caused by the presence...
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Introduction Through evolution, bacteria and archaea have developed methods to evade and fend off predatory viruses for their survival. One such method is the CRISPR-Cas system of adaptive immunity. The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic material such as those present in plasmids and phageâs and it provides a form of acquired immunity. CRISPR-Cas systems core defining features are their Cas genes and proteins. The CRISPR-Cas 9 system specifically has been used as...
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Over the years genetic disorders and gene-related illness have been responsible for high mortality rates and reduced quality of life. Genetic disorders can be due to misalignment, missing genes or excess of a gene. Genetic therapy works to replace the defective genes with new ones. Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in which a defective mutant allele is replaced with a functional one. (Medlineplus 2020) Gene...
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Normally people use to intake food for being active and to make the bodywork properly. People used to take hygienic and natural types of food for getting a cure for diseases. Some disease is getting a cure by taking of health food items. The food habit creates immunity power to fight against the virus or bacteria which affect the body cells. Every day the body cells need the energy to do their regular work. One of the dangerous and deadly...
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DNA profiling is a forensic technique designed to solve crimes using scientific materials and by using multiple scientific methods; I.e extraction. Extracting fingerprints can help you find out who the potential suspect of the crime is/was. A specific pattern called a âprofileâ is obtained from a person (the potential suspect/victim(s))) or sample of bodily tissue. By doing this it can determine and convey who was present at the crime. Forensicsciencesimplified.org states as technology advances, forensic scientists are able to âanalyseâ...
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Introduction An ergogenic aid is an external influence, both legal and illegal which positively affects sporting performance. The legality of ergogenic aids is controlled by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) (Kayser et al, 2007). Buck et al (2013) stated that a legal ergogenic aid in sport can provide athletes with additional opportunity to enhance their performance beyond training alone. There is therefore growing interest for both coaching staff and performers themselves in foods and other legal aids which have a...
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Microorganisms are very tiny organisms that has a great impact in life activities. These microorganisms have been a subject of research and more of microbial functions are yet to be discovered. The aim of this essay is to explore the classification, structure and functions of microorganisms, Microbial growth with growth curves and factors that affects microbial survival and lastly, the positive and negative interactions with humans and foods. Microorganisms are classified into eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells based on their structures....
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All celestial objects like planets, stars, and moons are mostly spherical. As gravity squeezes objects towards its core, objects will try to form the most compact shape possible which is a sphere. This applies to single interstellar objects only but what about a group of objects like our solar system or any galaxy we find in outer space? From observation we know that our solar system is almost circular and most of the galaxies are spiral, so does this mean...
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Nowadays, we are facing a bad situation because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Many reports stated that covid-19 does not have effects during the summer season but it is totally faded out.and it is also makes suffered lots of people by this disease. As a result, winter is also nearing along with the Covid-19 pandemic. Doctors called this a twindemic. However, it is spoiling our life completely, and we could not know what to control and stop spreading this virus. So,...
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Bacteria is an example of a unicellular prokaryote. Several bacteria move by turning the flagellum (Kojima, 2015). Several movable bacteria move in fluid or on a firm exterior utilising their flagellum. The flagellum has a spiral shape and expands from the cell body. The flagellumâs turning movement causes the bacterial cell to swim. The rotary motor located in the inner membrane and cell wall (cell envelope) operates the turning of the flagellum. The motor gets energy from the electrochemical gradient...
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Introduction The browning of an apple or other foods like potatoes and bananas are something that we have all seen in our everyday life. This phenomenon is caused by the interaction of enzymes, that are naturally found in plants, with oxygen. These enzymes oxidize to create the brown colour that we are familiar with. Enzymes are natural catalysts that help to speed up certain chemical reactions within plants and animals (DiGiuseppe, Frazer, LeDrew, Vavitsas, &White-McMahon, 2012, p. 50). Enzymes bind...
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A microorganism is an organism which is microscopic, which means so small that people cannot see them with the naked eye. Most microbes are unicellular and small enough that they require artificial magnification to be seen. However, there are some unicellular microbes that are visible to the naked eye and some multicellular organisms that are microscopic. Microorganisms differ from each other not only in size, but also in structure, habitat, metabolism and many other characteristics. Some microbes, such as viruses,...
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Dialect can be defined as a variety of a language that differs from others in its vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation peculiar to a specific region or social group. It is widely accepted that standard dialects and accents are often rated more favourably than nonstandard varieties. As a result, The issue of addressing dialect discrimination has been a source of great debate. Trudgill summarises the different approaches to this (Trudgill, 2000). The solution suggested in the essay title of teaching everyone...
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Scientists in the 20th century focused on previous research based on race and whether or not it had any substance today. The term âraceâ is often rejected by scientists due to its prejudicial and mythical nature. Scientists today often claim that race is a human construct, not a scientific one. They reject scientists who argue that race is true, as they do so based on a sense of false âscientificâ evidence. Despite this, some scientists maintain race to be true,...
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What are microorganism? We refer a microorganism as a living thing that is too small to seen with the naked eye. An Examples of microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and microscopic animals such as the spider mites. We only realized the existence of microorganism in 1665, this was because Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope. Before that time, it was thought that phenomena such as illness and food spoilage were caused by âspontaneous generation.â Leeuwenhoek discoveries lead to Louis...
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Introduction Viruses are considered as extremely successful predators as they can replicate and control the host cell synthesizing machinery. Viruses have coevolved with their hosts and thus have limited pathogenicity in any immunocompromised natural host. Viruses can exist in two forms: Extra cellular virion particles Intracellular genomes. Virions are more resistant to physical stress than genomes but are susceptible to humoral immune control. Nevertheless, to exist as a species, virus replication and transfer to a new host are essential. Virus...
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Space exploration helps us on earth in many ways as well as expand our knowledge of the universe. New technologies are created as well as medicines to and further cures to illnesses on earth. Jobs are created from this area and it inspires new generations to explore the sky above. Many innovations from space can even protect earth from extinction level events like meteors striking the planet. Much of the research obtained was from NASAâs official site so the data...
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Microorganisms are small, as the name implies, they can't be viewed in the naked eye without the help of a microscope and techannly microbes are organisms that are microscopic. They are present in all living organisms and are responsible for producing energy sources like nitrogen and carbon etc.While a few microbes are harmful in their nature, other microorganisms are incredibly salutary in all aspects of human life. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first microbiologist to study muscle fibres, bacteria, spermatozoa...
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Introduction As the name suggests, biotechnology is technology that is based on biology. It utilises cellular and biomolecular procedures to develop products and methods which can be used to enhance business processes and improve our quality of life as well as the health of the environment (Bio, 2020). Mankindâs use of these biological processes are by no means a novel occurrence as we have utilised them for thousands of years to preserve food and produce food products such as cheese,...
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The human body is infected by a massive variety of different pathogens new and old every day and so a huge collection of different specific antibodies are needed to fight against them. Once a B cell is activated it is converted into an antibody producing factory, the plasma cell. They contain more cytocolic component (as the cytoplasm is the ribosomal workbench for producing proteins) and less area for the nuclear regions. The consequence of genetic alterations can lead to cancer...
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In an ideal world, we would walk freely knowing we aren't being tracked. However in our reality more and more people get entered to a DNA database everyday. DNA profiling is a technique in which the police compare DNA found at the crime scene to someone else DNA from the database to see if they can get it to match up with someone. The UK were the first country to begin using the forensic DNA 'revolution' The process of DNA...
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Intro Mankind has always been curious, from discovering new countries back in time to searching the ocean below the earth. Now through advancements in technology, our curiosity has taken control and the void of space has peaked our interests. This has brought some arguments as to whether it is worth the cost and the risk to human life to explore and understand space. Are there benefits to ordinary people on earth? Should this money put into space programs be used...
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Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962, is one of the oldest social science theories. It originated in communication to explain how, over time, an idea or product gains momentum and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or social system. The end result of this diffusion is that people, as part of a social system, adopt a new idea, behavior, or product. Adoption means that a person does something differently than what they had previously...
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Introduction Is planet earth the only planet we can live in? or can we explore our external space to find another planet that may fit the environment we live in? to address life beyond our solar system require an instrument with truly unique capability and complex telescopes and more space-traveling missions. The previous breakthrough was possible by missions like Hubble space telescope and more (Andrews, 2019). Hubble, for example, the space telescope was sent to orbit the earth in 1990...
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External motivations are âcontact-basedâ motivations, Weinreich et al (1968) put great emphasis on the need to incorporate external factors into a theory of language change. Hickey (2010) states that while âinternal change is that which occurs within a speech community, generally among monolingual speakers, external change is that which is induced by contact with speakers of another language [(or dialect)]â (p.7) commonly regarding bilingual speakers. Geographical and social isolation tends to promote linguistic conservatism (Bloomfield, 1933), whereas âopen social networks,...
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Burger King is a subsidiary brand of Restaurant Brands International and the leading brand in RBI's revenue-based portfolio. In 2018, BK accounted for just over 67% of the total RBI revenue. Burger King was founded in 1954. It is the second largest hamburger nourishment brand in the world by number of operating restaurants worldwide. Burger King Restaurants operate in over 100 countries and territories in the United States. In recent years, Burger King has experienced steady revenue growth. This is...
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Mitosis and meiosis are both involved in the process of making new cells. However mitosis results in (body cells) and meiosis results in (gametes). The starting cell in both mitosis and meiosis is formed with 2 sets of chromosomes in humans that involves one set of 23 chromosomes from mum and 1 set of 23 chromosomes from dad. Interphase is a part of mitosis and meiosis and it's a very important phase in the cell because it duplicates the chromosomes...
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