Rationale “Humans have stopped evolving and are no longer subject to natural selection.”(O’Rourke, 2020) Is an extremely broad claim with no evidence to support it, evolution is “the process by which new species or populations of living things develop from pre-existing forms through successive generations”(Gould, 2020) Whereas “natural selection is the process of which a selective agent acts on a...
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Space exploration involves using the capabilities of humans and robots to investigate beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. It is the physical exploration of outer space stemming from scientist’s compulsion to know more about the Universe. Development of rockets, electronics and technologies in recent years has made it possible to discover the nature of the objects visible in the night sky. Probes...
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The Covid-19 is the Coronavirus it is an infectious diseases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Cov-2 It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. The impact on society has been immense from complete lockdowns to people socialising to business closing and fear for the safety of people...
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In recent years, there has been a colossal decrease in food security, quality and availability. This has resulted in the employment of science and technology, to improve food security, quality and availability by means of genetic modification. There are lots of controversies surrounding the topic of genetic modification and I will be providing an argument for and against the use...
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The Norman Conquest of 1066 had the greatest effect of the various subsystems of the English Language, leaving a fair amount of French influence in the English Language due to the following reasons. First and foremost, the French Language was responsible for simplifying the originally complex grammar structure of Old English. Furthermore, the English lexicon was directly influenced by French,...
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Introduction Storytelling in modern cinema aims to achieve a beautiful visual display of colour, sets, wardrobe and so on. In most cases, these few props, wardrobe or setting can have deeper meanings, or “symbols”. With the greater understanding of semiotics, modern cinema has evolved from just storytelling, to making use of more items (clothing, props, setting, etc) to add symbolistic...
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Genetic modification (GM) is a method that uses technology in order to alter and improve the genetic makeup of an organism. For example, Golden Rice is genetically modified to increase its health benefits by placing Vitamin A within it. Why is Genetic Modification Carried Out? GM is a significant process utilised in a variety of ways that can benefit the...
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Rationale The main component of marble chips is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, which is an alkaline compound. With this property, marble chips are generally used as an acid neutralization material in many real-life applications, such as streams, lakes and soils where there is a certain level of acidity (Pol, 2020). When CaCO3 reacts with acid, for example hydrochloric acid (HCl), a...
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Gene editing, a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism's DNA, is of vital importance in cell and gene therapy. CRISPR is a revolutionary gene editing technology which has become the hottest research tool in the field of biological sciences in just a few years since its introduction in 2012. However, people may still wonder...
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Why do people keep trying to go into space, and explore space? Today, many countries try to explore and study space. Many people argue that space exploration is dangerous, so should not be done anymore, but why do people still explore space? There are three good reasons why we should continue to explore space. First, we're going to need a...
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Today, virtual games are the favorites of many and, they continue to ride this wave of success owing in part to the programming languages used in creating them. So in the light of this development, an often asked question is which is the best? Is it JavaScript or C++? Now, although these programming languages are two of the better known...
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What modification was done? Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a long history in application of fermented food products. Progress in gene technology allows their modification by introducing new genes or by modifying their metabolic functions. These modifications are important as may lead to improvements in food technology. LAB are widely used as starter cultures for fermentation in the dairy, meat...
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The corona viruses (2019 -ncov) infecting humans appeared in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. Since the identification of the outbreak the infection quickly spread. This illness is a type of decease that transmits between animals and humans. Based on the articles that I read the infections of human to human transmission remains unclear. In contrast, human to...
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ABSTRACT Study on the temperature effect on plant photosynthesis is essential for proper understanding of physiology of plants as well as designing of crops that are able to cope-up with temperatures greater as well as lower than optimum growth temperatures. Any fluctuation in temperatures from the optimum temperature affects the overall growth and productivity of plants. Any temperature fluctuation from...
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Abstract This literature review looks at why religious individuals are happier than non-religious individuals and explores the mechanisms that are involved in the process. Introduction Happiness or subjective well being (SWB) can be defined as an overall increased satisfaction with life due to an abundance of positive life experiences an individual has while minimizing negative ones (Diener, 2013; Ryan &...
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Education abroad in a new choice for young people to develop their careers and intercultiral activity as its options have become more diverse (e.g. study abroad, internships, field research, work placements, volunteering, service learning, directed travel linked to learning goals) and motivated by a wider range of goals (e.g. second-language learning, exposure to other cultures, professional enhancement, disciplinary learning, etc)....
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Abstract In the world, there are many diseases originated from foods that were eaten. Some pathonegic bacterias like Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureusin, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureusin, food has gain microbial and pathogenics effects and again food can damage human metabolism and cause diseases, even deaths. Also foods need protection to prevent spoilage and...
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INTRODUCTION The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Human are not able to see small things with their naked eyes. So, in this particular lab, we are looking at the smallest part in the animal and plant. The smallest part of human body is, the...
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Introduction Energy, the ability to do work, plays a key role in all living organisms by providing its cells with fuel to function properly. Because of this, metabolism also plays a key role in all living organisms. Metabolism measures all of an organism’s chemical reactions. One of the main functions of metabolism is to organize the energy of the organism...
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Viruses are the most common biological agents in the sea typically numbering 10 billion per litre. They mostly infect all organism, can undergo rapid decay and replenishment and influence many biogeochemical and ecological process including nutrient cycling, system respiration, and particle size distribution and sinking rates, bacterial and algal biodiversity and species distribution, algal bloom control, dimethyl sulphide formation and...
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Anatomical modifications and cellular responses Regeneration is initiated by wound healing, which is a process mediated by local muscle contraction that allows contact between the remaining dorsal and ventral epidermis layers, which happens right after a few minutes post-injury to prevent further damage and invasion of pathogens. After this, the muscle relaxes, leading to the stretch of the epidermis, creating...
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Introduction “Syllabus” is defined by Richards (2001, p.2), cited in Raine, (2010), as a specification of the content of a course of instruction which lists what will be taught and tested”. There are several distinct types of syllabus namely structural, notional/functional, lexical, content based, skill based, and situational. This assignment paper emphasises on the notional functional syllabus. First the paper...
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Abstract CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and CRISPR associated protein Cas9 has revolutionized gene and genome editing. This system was discovered in prokaryotes as a defence mechanism to protect themselves from viral predators via three basic steps of spacer-acquisition, Crispr RNA (crRNA) processing and interference. CRISPR-Cas display a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that memorize previous infection by integrating...
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Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They are microscopic, single celled organisms that can live anywhere. They can reside in the ocean, soil and in human gut. Humans have a relationship with bacteria that is both parasitic and symbiotic. Bacteria are single celled organisms that lack nucleus but have DNA enclosed in a nucleoid or in plasmids. Bacterial cells...
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Abstract Bioremediation of different waste waters is a relatively new technology that has undergone more intense investigation in recent decades. As rapid industrialization and urbanization releases numerous toxic compounds into natural water bodies, polluting both fresh water resources as well as marine water. This process is focused on destroying or immobilizing toxic waste materials present in these water sources. Several...
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ABSTRACT The viral family of Coronaviridae has an important genus that affects humans called Coronavirus (CoV). CoVs distinct spike surface protein projections and its single stranded enveloped RNA give this virus its distinguishable structure. It is the spike surface proteins which bring about virus entry into host cells and the RNA to facilitate multiplication within the host. Once multiplication has...
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The debate of nature vs. nurture is a centuries long discussion splitting psychologist’s perspectives on human behavior and traits. The nature position of the debate focuses on how DNA and genotype influence behavior and personality. It is essentially hard-wired into your being. On the other hand, nurture leans toward outside influences and interactions shaping your mind. Nurture is founded on...
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Abstract Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components beneath defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both fundamental and connected ponders as well as in commercial application. It was the accessibility of these techniques that driven to the application of tissue culture to five broad zones, specifically, cell...
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Bromelain was first identified in 1891. Vicente Marcano, a Venezuelan chemist, isolated it by taking pineapple and fermenting it. Only one year later, in 1892, more research was conducted on the enzyme by Russell Henry Chittenden, Elliott P. Joslin, and Frank Sherman Meara. They named the enzyme Bromelain. They discovered that Bromelain is good at dividing proteins such as the...
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Microbiology was believed by many microbiologists to experience its second golden age, prior to that is the first golden age which initiated by Pasteur’s Germ theory of disease. The second golden age of microbiology introduced another field of general biology which is molecular genetics. It uses microorganisms as a model in conducting researches. It started in the year 1940's, when...
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