Introduction Psychological factors influence pain perception, factors as coping, social support, personality, and control. Pain became understood as a perception instead of a sensation as a result of observations like the difference in treatment effectiveness between acute and chronic pain, the positive or negative meaning of the pain experience and the phantom limb theory. These observations created the bases for the gate control theory of pain (GCT) which on the early 20th century adds psychological factors to previous models that...
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Barb, a normal, healthy young woman, had a very inconvenient quirk: She was terrified of flying. The mere thought of getting into a plane was enough to make her panic”. (Martin & Pear, 2003, p. 339). A quirk such as this is defined as a phobia. Some phobias are so intense that they can interfere with an individual’s everyday life, leaving them mentally incapacitated. Some phobias cause more anxiety than others, enough to warrant them as a mental health condition....
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There are various factors that contribute to an individual's behavior. Three main factors that affect a person's behavior are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning which is often referred to as imitation or modeling. Each factor differs in the way it teaches the individual to learn and adapt. Classical conditioning teaches individuals to associate one stimulus with another while operant conditioning teaches that a behavior provokes a certain response which may be positive or negative. Modeling is learning by...
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Introduction What is perception? Perception can be characterized as a perplexing procedure by which individuals select, compose, and translate sensory stimulation into an important and sound image of the world (Davison, Berelson & Steiner, 1964). In a similar vein, perception is tied in with getting, choosing, securing, changing and sorting out the data provided by our senses (Goldstein, Barber & Legge, 1978). The other significant idea regarding perception is 'action.' Action alludes to one's activity, for example, moving the body...
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What exactly is Media Bias? Media bias is the taking of one side in reporting news. It occurs when bias in journalism, in programming selection on stations, or otherwise in mass communications media. I believe that media bias is wrong and it definitely a tool that is used for more evil than good, especially in the political world. Throughout my life, I always had conservative beliefs and listened to conservative news, but I more heavily watched and obtained my televised...
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In a task group the most important thing is progress therefore the manager has to ensure that progress is certain by assigning tasks to the group members. For example, on a peanut butter industry (Mchuzi in Masasa), progress is timed therefore to meet the target every member has to be aware of their duties. Group behaviour can be defined as stated as a course of action two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular objectives....
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ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Alzheimer’s disease, also referred to as senile dementia, is a progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder which causes brain cells or neurons to degenerate and undergo a mechanism of programmed cell death which is different from classical apoptosis. It is the most common cause of dementia and accounts to 60-80% of the cases. Dementia is characterised by a decline is memory and loss of other cognitive abilities like language, problem solving and thinking skills and can have a negative impact...
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Human nature is defined as “the nature of humans, especially the fundamental dispositions and traits of humans” (Human Nature, n.d.). Moral character refers to “the most important code of conduct put forward and accepted by any group, or even by an individual” (Gert). As humans, we tend to think about our actions and whether or not they qualify as being “good” or “bad.” There are many different attributes of a good person. For example, a good person is known to...
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Today, it seems that people live as puppets to society. While most agree that this issue deserves attention, consensus dissolves on how to tackle the problem and how a common ground can be found. Using logic, an entity attempts on how moral values could help determine what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation or any situation for that matter. Morality impacts people's interactions with the environment because of moral obligations and environmental ethics. People could also...
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Operant conditioning is a learning principle put forward by an American psychologist B.F Skinner. This type of learning is based on the cause-and-effect relationship between a behavior and its consequences. Operant conditioning in short is based upon the concept that when we reward a behavior, it increases and when we punish a behavior, it decreases. A substance or activity becomes addictive if it is rewarding according to operant conditioning; i.e., if it is pleasurable or enjoyable (at least in the...
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I believe being aggressive would have allowed the Native Americans to keep their culture, land, and freedom longer. Native Americans were forced into treaties and agreements that went against their beliefs. Americans then unfairly broke the agreements that were made and didn’t follow through on the promises made to the Native Americans. The Native Americans were too soft, and it didn’t end well for them. It resulted in them losing a lot of land and even worse, a lot of...
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Psychology, the study of the mind, the basic understanding of why we do what we do. Contrarily, it is not basic at all, yet it has an abundance of specific terminology and complicated pathways one must learn to understand the true way our minds operate. We act certain ways, and do certain things because of the way our minds are wired. In class, we have learned an assortment of definitions and material about our complicated, yet intriguing mind. Although some...
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Motivation is a topic that has a lot of research. Still, today, cause they are other forms of motivation that are still found, yet they are different and are always evolving. In society, you need goals (goal-setting theory), which could be linked to motivation. This helps to achieve your job/tasks. In school, there’s always a goal set, to motivate students to work. The positive consequence of work would be able to have a wider decision on the sector. This would...
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What is meant by aggressive behavior? Aggressive behavior is reactionary and impulsive behavior that often results in causing both physical and psychological harm to ourselves, others, or objects in the environment. It can be any offensive action, attack or procedure that is most of the times the expression of pent-up anger. Aggressive behavior can be intentional and goal-oriented or spontaneous. It can be direct or indirect, overt or covert. Aggressive behavior can be either verbal such as screaming, shouting and...
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Psychoanalytic theory is a theory derived by Sigmund Freud, one of the most famous psychologists from the 20th century, that analyzes personality development. It focuses on the conflicts people go through during their childhood to better understand their current behavioral and emotional problems. He came up with three parts of the personality: the id, our regressed aggressive desires, the superego, our sense of right and wrong and follows the rules of society, and the ego, the balance between the id...
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Background Social consciousness is being aware of self and the environment and responding to social injustices in the lives of self and the others. Issues such as sexism, racism, heterosexism, inequalities, and discrimination are factors of social injustice that affect nurses in today’s world. Nurses are meant to be agents of social change, and those who can contribute meaningfully to social injustices within the healthcare area are subjected to internal discrimination. Nurses in society are meant to challenge the social...
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Bipolar Disorder as Presented in Silver Linings Playbook Bipolar Disorder is a serious mental illness that affects approximately 5.7 million adult Americans. It is so serious in fact, that on average, it results in a 9.2-year reduction in expected life span, and as many as one in five patients with bipolar disorder completes suicide (DBSA, 2009). Bipolar Disorder is complex, and patients often suffer from a broad spectrum of symptoms. Treatment for bipolar disorder often requires medication, therapy and even...
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I have always kept a reasonably good eye on my sleep habits and tracked them fairly well, so I thought. During the last two weeks, I spent more time relatively than usual tracking and analyzing my sleep and dreams trying to find any type of pattern between how my psychological and physical health is connected. I do wear a smart watch during the day and also to bed which I use to track my sleep patterns, which include total time...
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Psychological concept of the experiment The mental idea of the Stanford Prison investigation was that Zimbardo and his partners were keen on seeing whether the mercilessness among gatekeepers in America and penitentiaries was because of the twisted characters of the watchmen or had more to do with the jail condition. (Bartels, 2018) It can be seen that detainees and gatekeepers may have character which struggle unavoidable, with detainees lacking appreciation for peace and watchmen being overbearing and forceful. It very...
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The Holocaust was the mass murder of six million Jews, carried out by the Nazi regime during World War II. Today we use this event to analyze how humans launched and participated in one of the most tragic and inhumane occurrence documented. As we look back at this haunting segment of our history, nearly everyone without hesitation will declare that they would have contributed to rendering assistance to the Jews, regardless of the fact that if caught aiding they would...
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Abstract The present research delved into sexual orientation and its effect on women’s conformity to gender norms. Sexual orientation refers to one’s emotional, romantic and sexual to men, women, or both sexes. In this study, sexual orientation was used to study the effects on women’s conformity, specifically, to gender norms. Introduction Background of the Study In a time where human beings are becoming more open in expressing their individual characteristics and having these unique characteristics accepted and celebrated, it is...
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Oscar Wilde, a renowned poet and playwright from the 19th century, was convicted of Sodomy and ‘gross indecency’. Under the Criminal Law Ammendment Act 1885, Wilde was sentenced to two years hard labour- whilst incarcerated. The Labouchere Amendment amended the CLAA 1885, prohibiting all homosexual acts between males done in private or in public. The Act stated that any male who commits, and/or is a party to the offence, would be guilty of a misdemeanor. It’s stated that the accused...
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We will see the effects of mindfulness, as it is that an ancient activity used by different religions does our mind so well, with this practice the world is no longer seen in the same way, the details of nature are more appreciated The things that hurt you have left aside and above all, you know yourself, as well as how the structure of our brain changes to become more creative, more intelligent. Mindfulness is not reasoning or a theory...
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When there is an experience or reinforced practice in someone behavior that is permanent, then we say learning has taken place. This is very important in determining a behavior of a person in a psychological process. Operant conditioning is a behavioral theory that assumes with positive reinforcement and negative behavior being punished then we are able to experience the best learning. It is also referred to as Instrumental learning. Ivan Pavlov and B.F Skinner were some of those instrumental in...
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The central focus of this critical reflection will be on my own experiences with gender and identity. I will aim to critically reflect on how my experience interacts with the following aspects such as religion, class, age, and race. While also drawing on my own experience using theorists such as Butler, Steph Lawler, Bell Hooks. I will be addressing the following point- Feminism in a cultural home. We must first understand 'Gender' and 'Sexual identities'. With both Gender and Sexual...
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Introduction Problem is the deviation of target and actual result which is identified by a good sensible person in a company. Contemporary business world are admitting many problems. Perceiving problems in right time is a relevant skill for business which helps an entrepreneur to reach a perfect solution. Business problem needs a systematic approach to solve to gain long term benefit reducing the maximum risk. Encountering new problem involves finding root cause of problem and probable solution to continue a...
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One of the traits of an epic is that a character must have a transformation of nature throughout their journey in the narrative. For the Odyssey, that character would be Odysseus. Through all the encounters with gods, giants, monsters, and humans, each which helps in his development, he is able to grow into a different man as he manages to survive and reach his homeland of Ithaca. Aside from gaining the heroic qualities that Greeks value, his morality also shifted...
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Self-consciousness can be interpreted as the core disposition of an individual to initiate a direction of bringing responsiveness and attention to oneself. This arises as a dispositional tendency dedicated to single-mindedness on private characteristics of not only the self, but also on public aspects of the individual concerned [1]. According to eminent researchers, when an individual has different tendencies of self-awareness, self-consciousness crops up [2]. While it is exemplified by some where the concept of self-consciousness, also known as self-awareness,...
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Stress has affected people in a harmful way throughout time. It is identified when the individual passes through a certain tragedy or uncomfortable moment in their life, the body can automatically identify if the situation the person is going through is either threatening or non-threatening to them, and stress can either affect them long term or for a short amount of time. Stress factors also depend on the person’s gender, age, personality, etc. the individuals will react in different ways,...
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Suicide is a subject that is not openly talked about in society. The act of taking one’s life of their own causing death results directly or indirectly act of the victim themselves which they know the consequences of. According to Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC 1960), the attempt to die by suicide was a criminal offense, however, the Indian parliament in MCHA 2017 has implied the change of word for mental illness into severe stress that has...
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