Introduction In our IB biology class, we’ve learned about enzymatic reaction and we’ve done the experiment on that unit. The experiment was about the rate of enzymatic reaction of lactosemilk by using an enzyme called lactase at different temperatures. At different temperatures, the rate of reaction changed. I was interested in this topic because there were more factors, not only temperature but also hydrogen ions concentration, presence of inhibitor, and concentration of substrate, which affect the rate of an enzymatic...
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Intro Ok cool Now raise your hand if you can name the planets in order of closest to farthest from the sun? “Hopefully not many”- remark about how little we know about space or at least care to know. Well that's true in a sense for astronomers as well as they continue to debate our rules about quantum mechanics, how things are and aren't, and how space just likes to say nah i'm good to any type of rule we...
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Introduction An experiment was carried out to determine the pH status of beer and wine. Three different techniques to measure the samples status of acid or alkali were used; litmus paper, pH meter and titration. PH is a way of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. PH is measured on a scale from 0-14, with 7 being neutral and the pH of water. A number below 7 indicates acidity, and above 7 indicates an alkali. Acidity is created...
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INTRODUCTION The light from the Sun and the presence of carbon dioxide is crucial in propelling the process of photosynthesis. It is these main factors that plants can grow and expand. However, the threat of climate change will dramatically alter the conditions in which flora can thrive in. Hence forth this experiment is to model and investigate the impacts of climate change on plants via a combination of light intensity and carbon dioxide presence. Climate change is heavily linked to...
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Virus-induced-gene-silencing is an approach of reverse genetics that has been successfully used for to study gene fucntion. It is employed at postranscriptional level by taking advantage of plant defence mechanism against parasite infection. Usually, after viral infection, plants produce double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to degrade RNA viruses. By simulating this approach, in VIGS , genes underlying pathogeneic effects on host plant in viral genome are removed. A sequence of the target gene is inserted into a VIGS vector such as...
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the absorbance and concentration of two samples (2% milk and almond milk) compared to standard concentrations. The absorbances were found through spectrophotometry of each sample. The result of this test showed that the amount of protein in the 2% milk and almond milk were less than the majority of the standard samples. The hypothesis was supported by the findings of this experiment. Introduction Proteins are composed of amino acid chains and...
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Introduction Infrared Spectroscopy is the study of matter and its interaction with electromagnetic radiation and it can be used in order to determine the functional group within a sample (2). When infrared light hits a certain molecule it can cause pulling and bending between the bonds present, which also determined the amount of absorbance there is. The intensity of an absorption band depends on the molecule and the dipole moment between the bond and the amount of bonds present (2)....
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Sending people to Mars is one of humanity’s greatest ambitions this century. We are not just going there, but we plan live there as well. With the climate of Earth heading toward a dire state human might need to leave Earth indefinitely one day. However, sending people to Mars is no easy task and the challenges that lie ahead for humans are monumental. Firstly, what environmental challenges does Mars pose to humans and how can we combat them? Secondly, what...
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INTRODUCTION As curiosity leads to discovery, innovation continues to grow and develop to serve its purpose. For centuries, humans find a way to make their lives easier and try to alleviate the problems presented to them. Along the way, humans were able to integrate engineering principles to the field of medicine and thus creating a new concept called Bioengineering. According to University of California Berkeley, the field of Bioengineering utilizes Engineering principles and analysis in application to the biological systems...
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In building construction we are used three classification of russet cover reconstruction plasters for renovation which is smashed by dampness and saline efflorescence are analyze , and sea green plaster property are evaluate with it. The properties which is mass thickness, atmosphere thickness, unaware porosity, stoma division curves , chloride required isotherms , chloride absorption profiles and dampness are measured. The given information is used to determine the absorption which depend upon the chloride distribution coefficient and dampness depend upon...
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Abstract An important method used in biology is plasmid purification. What makes this method so important is because a purified plasmid sample is essential for many experiments, including important techniques like DNA sequencing. Purified E.coli plasmid pBR322 using gel electrophoresis and a calibration curve were used in this experiment to quantify the size of the purified plasmid. Examples were examined using gel electrophoresis and were measured to the known size of pBR322, this helped determined if the plasmid was the...
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INTRODUCTION The aim of this research paper is to evaluate, the critical areas related to, ‘The effects of competing risks on astronauts and cosmonauts.’ In above mentioned research which is a part of the area for the study in, Life Sciences in Space Research, it has been mentioned about the effects for the lives of our spaceman researchers. I have structured this research paper as following sub topics research method, motivation, problems, solution suggested, main contribution, identifying clarity. RESEARCH METHOD...
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There is often much more meaning behind the language used in speech, texts and advertisements than what appears on the surface. Ideologies, from a critical point of view, are considered to be descriptions of worldly features which build, support and challenge the dynamics between different groups of individuals (Fairclough, 2003). Dominant groups embed these ideologies in different methods of communication in order to manipulate and persuade the public to conform to an idea that primarily promotes the interests of the...
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The origin of DNA fingerprinting was discovered in 1984 by Dr Alec Jeffreys (Jackson and Jackson, 2011, p. 158). Over the decades, with technical developments in genetics, the original DNA fingerprinting procedure has undertaken a variety of modifications and refinements. DNA profiling has become so precise and sensitive that in the United Kingdom it is no longer allowed to be used as a sole piece of evidence in a criminal investigation, it has to be used alongside other procedures. Nevertheless,...
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Food insecurity is the lack of access to enough nutritious food, and is an occurrence that hundreds of millions of people face daily (P. Webb, 2006). Genetically modified crops provide great opportunity to improve food quality and to improve yields of crops without increasing the need for fertilisers and pesticides (R. Goodman, 2008). This suggests that genetic modification could help improve reduce the number of people facing food insecurity. Despite this potential there are still many arguments against GM crops,...
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The effects of the sun can be seen within minutes on some people as freckles appear, skin tone darkens and (perhaps) redness begins to spread. However, what these visible changes within the epidermis of the skin are caused by, is much less obvious. The damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure - produced by the sun - on the DNA within our cells is the cause of many undesirable side effects. These include cell death, mutagenesis, photoaging (the appearance of...
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Introduction Encouraging as many students to study botany is becoming a major priority for universities across our globe. The Royal Society of Biology have highlighted the lack of plant based teaching in current tertiary education [1]. Out of a total of 130 UK universities only 22 offer any sort of plant/botany based degree as of October 2018. The Boyer Commission on Educating Undergraduates in the Research University have given report upon the fact that universities are failing to develop adequate...
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Images play on the habitus of their audience. The fifties brought mass marketing’s ubiquitous use of imagery, spurring on the permeation of everyday life by those who control the image. Of course, this isn’t simply limited to consumption purposes, though particularly in contemporary cultural studies we must be aware of the often-deceptive function that can be both attributed and distributed. It follows that the rationale for exploring the impact of semiotics lies in the attempt to uncover the forces constructing...
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Apoptosis goes early back into the 1970’s where kinetic studies of development of tumour growth stated that cell loss from cancerous tumours were high and rates that were observed show less than 5% predicted of tumour growth that of measurements of proliferation (Kerr et al., 1972; Wyllie et al., 1980) Vast impact on tumour growth could have been from the changes from the loss of cell factor. However, this was suggested that the cause of cell loss was due to...
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In the late 19th and early 20th century, Britain was seen as one of the strongest empires across the world; and was also spread with an imperialistic attitude which can be seen from the 20 year reign on the Conservatives which was the party of the empire. However, this imperialistic atmosphere within Britain was soon to be stopped by the questions caused as a consequence of the failure of the Boer War: What was Britain's position in the world? The...
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Language is defined as “a system of communications which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by people from a particular country or region” (collins-dictonary, N/A). It is split into several key components including phonemes which are defined as “smallest unit of sound” (mitchell & ziegler, 2013) which when used in varying combinations form morphemes which are defined as the “smallest unit of meaning” (mitchell & ziegler, 2013). Language is characterised by being pragmatic meaning...
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Introduction Escherichia coli known as E. coli are microscopic organisms found in the surroundings, food, digestion tracts of individuals and animals. E. coli are a huge and assorted gathering of microscopic organisms. However, most parts of E. coli are innocuous, others can make you feel unwell. A few sorts of E. coli can cause urinary tract contaminations, diarrhoea, respiratory sickness and pneumonia, and different diseases. Aseptic techniques imply utilising methods and practices to keep pollution from pathogens. It includes applying...
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Introduction In this essay, I will examine the roots of my belief that the current use of language surrounding special needs and learning disabilities provides a sufficient label that enables appropriate support to be provided to individuals. Due to the nature of language, which is “dynamic and everchanging”, many terms that were once used as scientific or medical terminology are no longer deemed politically correct or are viewed as offensive or derogatory as a direct result of them being used...
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There are 6 stages of language development. Firstly, the Prelinguistic stage occurs early in a child’s life when they are exploring speech and sound. They will often cry, babble and try to mimic others. Approximately, around 10-13 months is when the child reaches the holophrase or one-word sentence phase. They are not yet able to speak full sentences so they communicate by using single words to express a complex idea in order for their needs to be met. An example...
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Introduction Storytelling and narrative have always been at the core of the human conscience that is full of curiosity about the world around us (The science of storytelling. Will Storr) Storr 2019). Narrative explains the world in a way that we can digest it, and visuals in the form of paintings, illustrations and various other images is yet another way to elaborate and shine light to the narrative. These images are often subject to the contemporary culture and moral standing...
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Germline gene therapy has developed a wide spread of opinions into the regards of its ethics with many very relevant positive and negative opinions being expressed amongst the breakthroughs occurring within its progress. There are lots of varying factors contributing towards these ethics which both overlap and contrast in many ways. The argument on the ethics of this therapy has been fuelled recently by many breakthroughs such as gene therapy restoring immunity in infants with a rare immunodeficiency disease. It...
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For this project we had to investigate and research how we can make the National Museum of Cardiff more appealing to students in Higher Education. I engaged in research methodologies which helped me develop my independent research and analytical skills. To aid me in my research I used several methodologies. These include: Interviewing, Journey Mapping, Questionnaires, Semiotics and Ethnography. Interviewing To begin my research, I started with the methodology of interviewing. I carried out my interviews as a group of...
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‘Correct’ or ‘proper’ English is something that is highly regarded, not only today, but has been throughout history. However, the notion of there being a ‘correct’ way of performing English, whether spoken or written, is a myth. This article will explore the reasons why language can never be ‘right’ and how the belief in this idea continues to affect English. The prescriptivist attitude itself – a view that suggests grammar should be a strict set of rules (Yule, 2017) –...
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Abstract Process industries produce products that many people can use, but they also yield pollution to the environment. This paper focuses on the significance of sustainable development and processes that are environmentally friendly and integrate the role of green engineering in designing these processes. Green process engineering defines the development of new technologies that reduce pollution generated by the industries. Engineers and researchers are working to develop new methods to confront environmental issues and non-sustainable behavior of current processes in...
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Introduction The variation in phenotype amongst all organimsis can be produced by genetic different and ifluences from the environment. Whilst this field is widely and effectively investigated, Phase variation remains significantly untouched in the field of research. (Astauroff, 1930; Falconer and Mackay, 1996). Phase variation, being the difference in phenotypgic expression caused by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials is what this paper is centred around. Phenotypes are visible characteristics of an organism. The...
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